Tool and method for forming a thread, in particular an internalthread

ABSTRACT

A thread forming tool comprises a thread generating region that extends along a helical line with a thread pitch angle and a thread direction of the thread to be formed and has an active profile corresponding to the thread profile of the thread to be formed, wherein the thread generating region has a thread tooth having a thread profile with a front thread tooth profile flank and a rear thread tooth profile flank, has a front flank relieved surface, adjoining the front thread tooth profile flank and has a rear flank relieved surface, adjoining the rear thread tooth profile flank, wherein the front flank relieved surface is isolated relative to a front thread tooth flank envelope, wherein the rear flank relieved surface is displaced relative to a rear transverse plane wherein the helical line is inclined to the rear relative to the rear transverse plane by the thread pitch angle.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present invention is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 U.S. National Stage of PCT Application No. PCT/DE2019/100549, filed on Jun. 14, 2019, which claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2018 115 986.2, filed Jul. 2, 2018. The entire content of each of the aforementioned patent applications is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a tool and a method each for forming a thread, in particular an internal thread.

2. The Relevant Technology

A thread has a helical flight with a constant thread pitch and can be formed as an internal thread or as an external thread. For forming an internal thread, a core hole (or: core drill hole) is generally first produced in the workpiece, which core hole can be a blind hole or also a through-hole, and the flight is then produced in the inner wall of the core hole. The core hole with the thread formed therein is also referred to as a threaded hole.

Both cutting and non-cutting methods and threading tools are known for forming threads or finishing threads. Cutting thread forming is based on the removal of the material of the workpiece in the region of the flight. Non-cutting thread forming is based on forming of the workpiece and production of the flight in the workpiece by pressure. An overview of thread forming tools and working methods which are in use is given in Handbuch der Gewindetechnik and Frastechnik, issuer: EMUGE-FRANKEN, publisher: Publicis Corporate Publishing, year of publication: 2004 (ISBN 3-89578-232-7), referred to hereinbelow simply as “EMUGE manual.”

Cutting thread forming includes taps (see EMUGE manual, chapter 8, pages 181 to 298) and milling cutters (see EMUGE manual, chapter 10, pages 325 to 372) and, for external threads only, dies (see EMUGE manual, chapter 11, pages 373 to 404).

A tap is a thread cutting tool whose cutters or thread cutting teeth are arranged along an external thread at the thread pitch of the thread to be formed. On forming the thread, the tap is moved into a cylindrical core hole in a workpiece with axial feed relative to the tool axis and with rotation about its tool axis, with a rotational speed which is dependent on the axial feed rate corresponding to the thread pitch, whereby the tool axis of the tap is oriented coaxially with the center axis of the core hole and its cutters are permanently in engagement with the workpiece at the core hole wall (continuous cut), so that a continuous flight is produced at the core hole wall. Typical geometries of a tap with the conventional initial cutting region are described in the EMUGE manual, chapter 8, pages 250 and 251 and 284 and 285. The thread cutting teeth have a cutting profile or active profile in the cutting direction, in cross-section perpendicular to the helix, at the outer edge, and, inwardly adjoining that profile, a cutting face and, on the adjoining tooth back opposite the cutting direction, relieved surfaces or relief angles, so that no contact and thus no friction with the workpiece occurs there. A typical distribution of the individual thread active profiles of the thread cutting teeth angularly ground in the initial cutting region with the corresponding cutting plan is shown in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, page 322.

The thread cutting operation with a tap is explained, together with a typical torque curve, in the EMUGE manual, chapter 8, page 255. After the cutting process of the tap until engagement of all initial cutting teeth, the machine spindle is decelerated to a standstill. The return or the reversing movement is then started, and the tooth back of the thread cutting tooth that is at the front in the thread cutting operation shears the chip that is still in the drilled hole at its free rear side and squeezes the chip root back between the relieved surface and the hole wall.

The non-cutting thread forming tools include so-called cold-forming taps (see EMUGE manual, chapter 9, pages 299 to 324) and, for external threads only, thread rolling tools (see EMUGE manual, chapter 11, pages 373 to 404).

Cold-forming taps are threading tools having a thread profile which runs approximately spirally or helically, along which there are arranged multiple pressing lugs (also referred to as forming teeth, furrowing teeth or forming wedges) which are formed by mutually offset polygonal corner regions of an approximately polygonal cross-section of the cold-forming tap which project further outwards and are generally rounded. On forming the thread, the cold-forming tap, similarly to the tap, is moved into a cylindrical core hole in a workpiece with axial feed relative to the tool axis and with rotation about its tool axis, whereby the tool axis of the tap is oriented coaxially with the center axis of the core hole. The rotational speed and the axial feed rate are matched to one another according to the thread pitch. The pressing lugs of the cold-forming tap are permanently in engagement with the workpiece at the core hole wall and press the flight into the core hole wall by plastic deformation, so that a continuous flight is produced at the core hole wall. Typical geometries of a cold-forming tap with the conventional initial furrowing region are described in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, pages 308 and 309. A typical distribution of the individual thread active profiles of the thread furrowing teeth rising in the initial furrowing region is shown in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, page 322. The thread furrowing operation with a cold-forming tap is explained together with a typical torque curve in the EMUGE manual, chapter 9, page 310.

Taps and cold-forming taps work with an exclusively axial advance or working movement, with a rotational movement about their own tool axis which is synchronized according to the thread pitch. The rotational direction of taps and cold-forming taps when forming the thread corresponds to the thread direction of the thread to be formed. When the flight has been produced, or at the end of production of the flight, the tool is decelerated and brought to a standstill at a reversal point. Decelerating before the reversal point is reached is normally effected by a reduction, synchronized according to the constant thread pitch, of the axial feed rate and the rotational speed to in each case a value of 0. A backwards or reversing movement is then initiated in order to withdraw the tool from the workpiece, during which the axial feed direction and the rotational direction are exactly opposite to the working movement and the axial feed movement and the rotational movement are again synchronized according to the thread pitch so as not to damage the thread.

Basic principles for the program structure for CNC machines in respect of thread forming are given in the EMUGE manual, chapter 8, page 281, and chapter 10, pages 357 to 359.

Drilling of the core hole is described in the EMUGE manual, chapter 7, pages 161 to 179.

There are further known combination tools in various forms, with which, using the same tool, a threaded hole is formed in the solid material of the workpiece in one working step, that is to say without previously drilling a core hole.

These include the drill/thread mills (BGF), which work only in a cutting manner (see EMUGE manual, chapter 10, page 354) and the so-called circular drill/thread mill (ZBGF) (see EMUGE manual, chapter 10, page 355).

Different combinations of drilling region and thread generating region in one combination tool for forming a threaded hole are also known from DE 10 2005 022 503 A1, inter alia also the combination of an axially working drilling region and an axial working thread furrowing region in one tool.

From DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 there is known a further combination tool with which, in one working step, a threaded hole is formed in a workpiece solely by an axial working movement. With this combination tool, which is referred to as a percussion tapping tool bit, drilling of the core hole and cutting of the internal thread are carried out in a joint tool bit stroke. The percussion tapping tool bit has at its drill bit tip a main cutting lip and a thread profile which trails in a tapping direction and has at least one thread cutting tooth.

In this known method, a tapping stroke takes place and subsequently a reversing stroke in the opposite direction. In the tapping stroke, on the one hand the main cutting lip produces the core hole and on the other hand the thread profile forms the internal thread at the inner wall of the core hole until a usable intended thread depth is reached. The tapping stroke is carried out with a tapping feed and at a tapping speed, synchronized therewith, of the tapping tool bit. In a following reversing stroke in the opposite direction, the tapping tool bit is guided out of the threaded bore in a reversing direction, specifically with an opposite reversing feed and at a reversing speed synchronized therewith. In this way, it is ensured that the thread profile of the tapping tool bit is moved in the flight of the internal thread in a stress-free manner.

In a variant referred to as prior art in DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, the tapping process is slowed at the end of the tapping stroke, that is to say the tapping feed and the tapping speed synchronized therewith (according to the constant thread pitch) are reduced to 0. However, in the prior art, this retardation of the thread cutting process to a tapping speed of zero has led to an excessively large cutting stress on the thread profile, which can lead to cutting teeth being broken out or the tool bit being broken.

In order to reduce the tool stress, it is instead proposed in DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 that the reversing stroke does not take place immediately after the tapping stroke but rather a groove forming step or groove forming stroke takes place beforehand, in which a pitch-free encircling groove adjoining the internal thread is formed, in which the thread profile of the tapping tool bit can rotate in a stress-free manner. The tapping tool bit is moved beyond the intended thread depth for the tapping stroke until it reaches an intended bore depth, specifically with a groove forming feed as well as at a groove forming speed that are not synchronized with each other and are different from the tapping feed and from the tapping speed. In this manner, the tapping speed can be reduced to 0 without an excessively large cutting lip stress leading to the tool bit being broken or the thread profile breaking out. The encircling groove is produced during the groove-forming stroke with the aid of the main cutting lip as well as of the thread cutting tooth (or general thread tooth) of the thread profile at the tapping tool bit. When the intended bore depth is reached, the groove forming feed is reduced to 0. At the same time, the groove forming speed is also reduced to 0 in order to make possible the reversal in the direction of rotation that is required for the reversing stroke.

At the start of the reversing stroke, the known tapping tool bit is controlled in such a way that the thread cutting tooth can be driven in a stress-free manner into the flight outlet, which opens into the encircling groove. How this is to take place is, however, not disclosed in DE 10 2016 008 478 A1.

Subsequently, the tapping tool bit is guided out of the threaded bore in a reversing direction that is opposite to the tapping direction, specifically with a reversing feed as well as at a reversing speed synchronized therewith, as a result of which the thread cutting tooth can be rotated out of the threaded bore without removal of material.

While the tapping stroke, the groove forming stroke, and the reversing stroke are being carried out, the longitudinal axis of the core hole and the rotational axis of the tapping tool bit remain aligned at all times coaxially with each other.

The tapping tool bit according to DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 has a clamping shank and a tapping body adjoining it, along the longitudinal axis of which there extends at least one chip groove to a front-end main cutting lip at the drill bit tip. At the front-end main cutting lip, a chip surface, which bounds the chip groove, and a front-end free surface of the drill bit tip converge. As viewed in the peripheral direction of the tool bit, the chip groove can be bounded by at least one drill bit web. The chip surface of the chip groove can transition, with formation of an auxiliary cutting lip, into a back surface of the drill bit web on the outer peripheral side.

At the back surface of the drill bit web on the outer peripheral side, the thread profile can be formed with at least one thread cutting tooth. The tooth height of the thread cutting tooth is dimensioned in the radial direction in such a way that the cutting tooth protrudes outwards over the main cutting lip in the radial direction by a radial offset. If need be, the cutting tooth can flushly extend the main cutting lip outwards in the radial direction. Alternatively and/or additionally, as viewed in the axial direction, the cutting tooth can be arranged at an axial offset behind the main cutting lip.

In a preferred embodiment variant, the thread tapping tool bit according to DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 can have three drill bit webs. Each of these drill bit webs is formed with at least one thread cutting tooth. A pre-cutting tooth, a middle cutting tooth, and a finishing cutting tooth of different cutting geometry can be formed on the drill bit in succession in the peripheral direction of the drill bit. The cutting teeth are formed at the thread tapping tool bit in an offset manner with respect to each other in the axial direction. The extents of the offset manner thereof are matched to the tapping speed and to the tapping feed in such a way that flawless thread cutting is ensured.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based firstly on the surprising finding that, in the known method and tool bit according to DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, axial forces nevertheless occur on the thread cutting teeth during decelerating of the tool bit in the groove forming stroke, which forces lead to stress on the tool bit and corresponding shortening of its useful life.

The object underlying the invention is to provide a tool for forming a thread, in particular an internal thread, in particular for producing a threaded hole in the solid material in a workpiece, in which such stresses can be reduced.

In particular, in the known tool bit according to DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, the stress on the tool as a result of axial forces during the groove forming step, in which the encircling groove is formed, is to be reduced further.

Embodiments and subject-matter according to the invention suitable for achieving this object are described in particular in the patent claims, which are directed to a tool for forming a thread, in particular an internal thread, in particular having the features of independent patent claim 1 or 7, and to a method for forming a thread, in particular an internal thread, using such a tool, in particular having the features of patent claim 17 or 19.

Further embodiments and further developments according to the invention follow in each case from the dependent patent claims.

The feature combinations and subject-matter according to the invention which can be claimed are not limited to the chosen wording and the chosen dependencies of the claims. Instead, any feature of a claim category, for example of a tool, can also be claimed in another claim category, for example a method. Furthermore, any feature in the patent claims, also independently of their dependencies, can be claimed in any desired combination with one or more other feature(s) in the patent claims. Moreover, any feature that is described or disclosed in the description or drawing can be claimed, separately, independently of or in isolation from the context in which it stands, on its own or in any combination with one or more other features which is or are claimed or disclosed in the patent claims or in the description or drawing.

In embodiments according to the invention there is provided a tool for forming (or: producing) a thread, wherein the tool is rotatable about a tool axis extending through the tool and is movable axially relative to the tool axis. The tool comprises at least one thread generating region, wherein the thread generating region extends along a helical line (or helix) with a predefined thread pitch angle and a predefined thread direction of the thread to be formed (that it so say right-hand or left-hand thread) and has an active profile which corresponds to the thread profile of the thread to be formed.

In one embodiment, in particular comprising the features of patent claim 1, the thread generating region has at least one thread tooth which has a thread tooth profile with a front thread tooth profile flank and a rear thread tooth profile flank and also a front flank relieved surface, directly adjoining the front thread tooth profile flank, on a front thread tooth flank and a rear flank relieved surface 72), directly adjoining the rear thread tooth profile flank F2), on a rear thread tooth flank.

The front flank relieved surface is isolated or set back towards the rear relative to a front thread tooth flank envelope which extends along or parallel to the helical line and through the front thread tooth profile flank. According to the invention, the rear flank relieved surface is displaced or isolated to the front relative to a rear transverse plane which is oriented perpendicularly to the tool axis and extends through the rearmost point of the thread tooth profile or the rear thread tooth profile flank. The helical line is inclined towards the rear relative to the rear transverse plane by the thread pitch angle.

Here and in the following, “forwards” or “front” is to be understood as following the direction of the forwards movement VB or the thread direction W of the thread generating region 4, and “rearwards” or “rear” is to be understood as being in the opposite direction, that is to say opposite to the direction of the forwards movement or in the direction of backwards movement RB or contrary to the thread direction W of the thread generating region 4.

In embodiments, the front flank relieved surface is inclined or set back relative to the front thread tooth flank envelope by a front flank relief angle α1) which generally lies in an interval between 0° and 10°, in particular between 0° and 2°.

In advantageous embodiments, the rear flank relieved surface is inclined or set back relative to the rear transverse plane by an angle which generally lies in an interval between 0° and 6°, in particular between 2° and 5°, and/or is inclined or set back relative to a rear thread tooth flank envelope, which extends along or parallel to the helical line, by a rear flank relief angle which is larger than the thread pitch angle and generally lies in an interval between the thread pitch angle and 6°, in particular between 4° and 5°.

The flank relieved surfaces can extend helically, that is to say linearly in the flat pattern, or can also assume (different) curved shapes, in particular can taper towards one another to an even greater extent or also taper towards one another to a lesser extent at least in some regions. In such an embodiment, the corresponding flank relief angle can define a boundary line or surface which is not exceeded (outwards) by the flank relieved surface.

The thread tooth profile of the thread tooth can be an intermediate or preliminary profile, for example an initial cutting or initial furrowing profile, which in particular is superposed with further thread tooth profiles of further thread teeth to form an overall active profile.

Furthermore, the thread tooth can have on its tooth back, adjoining a thread tooth profile head of the thread tooth profile contrary to the thread direction, a relieved surface which preferably tapers to a substantially linear tooth land.

Preferably, the thread tooth has at least one thread cutter and optionally also a thread furrowing face arranged after the thread cutter.

In a further embodiment, in particular comprising the features of patent claim 7, which can also be combined with the embodiment having the thread tooth, the thread generating region has at least one thread and clearing tooth.

This thread and clearing tooth has in a front region, when seen in the thread direction, a thread tooth element having a thread tooth profile as the active profile for forming or finishing the thread.

The thread and clearing tooth further has in a rearward region, when seen in the thread direction, a clearing element for clearing the formed thread in a reversing movement, wherein the clearing element has as the active profile a clearing profile which preferably corresponds to the thread profile of the formed thread and/or corresponds to the thread tooth profile at its front region.

The clearing element preferably has a clearing cutter which has a clearing profile which corresponds to the thread tooth profile of the thread tooth element, in particular has an active profile which is the same, or the same at least at clearing profile flanks of the clearing profile, as that of the tooth thread profile.

In an advantageous embodiment the clearing element further has a clearing face which is arranged after the clearing cutter, when seen contrary to the thread direction, and works in a furrowing manner, wherein the active profiles of the clearing cutter and of the clearing face are superposed to form the overall clearing profile of the clearing element. The clearing surface preferably rises radially outwards, when seen in the thread direction, and can merge into a tooth land, which in particular has a constant profile or no relieved surfaces, wherein in particular a clearing profile head of the clearing face and/or of the tooth land is smaller than a clearing profile head of the clearing cutter.

In a further embodiment, the thread and clearing tooth has a thread cutter in its front region in the thread direction, or in the thread tooth element, and preferably also a thread furrowing face, arranged after the thread cutter when seen in the thread direction, for producing a surface with a good surface quality, wherein the active profiles of the thread cutter and of the thread furrowing face are superposed to form the thread tooth profile, preferably corresponding to the thread profile, at the front region.

The thread furrowing face can rise radially outwards, contrary to the thread direction, and preferably merge into a or into the tooth land, which in particular serves as a calibration region and/or has a constant profile or no relieved surfaces. A thread tooth profile head of the thread furrowing face and/or of the tooth land can be smaller than the thread tooth profile head of the thread cutter.

The tooth flanks of the thread and clearing tooth can extend at least predominantly or wholly along associated front thread tooth flank envelopes or rear thread tooth flank envelopes or without relieved surfaces.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the tool, the thread generating region has both at least one thread tooth as described and at least one thread and clearing tooth, wherein the thread and clearing tooth is the last tooth of the thread generating region, when seen in the thread direction, and thus the first tooth in the case of the reversing movement.

In an advantageous embodiment, the tool further comprises at least one drilling region for producing a core hole. The drilling region is arranged in a region which lies further forwards, in particular at a front or free end, than the thread generating region. The drilling region and the thread generating region are rigidly coupled with one another for movement and/or fastened or formed on a common tool carrier or tool shank. Preferably, during the working movement, the drilling region of the tool produces a core hole in the workpiece and the thread generating region forms in the surface of the core hole a flight which extends with the predefined thread pitch. The thread generating region protrudes further radially outwards relative to the tool axis than does the drilling region. The thread can thus be formed without radial advancement of the tool, and the drilling region can be moved out through the core hole again on reversing without damaging the thread.

A method for forming a thread with a predefined thread pitch and with a predefined thread profile in a workpiece comprises, in embodiments according to the invention, in particular comprising the features of patent claim 17 or 19, first the following steps:

a) using a tool according to the invention,

b) moving the tool into the workpiece in a working direction during a first working phase,

c) wherein the working movement comprises a rotational movement in a predefined rotational direction about the tool axis of the tool and, synchronized with the rotational movement according to the thread pitch, an axial feed movement of the tool in an axial forwards direction axially relative to the tool axis, d) forming the thread with the thread generating region of the tool during the working movement, e) moving the tool, in a decelerating movement following the working movement, during a second working phase, further into the workpiece in the same forwards direction as in the working movement as far as a reversal point.

In one embodiment, after the reversal point has been reached, a reversing movement of the tool is initiated, with which the tool is moved out of the workpiece, wherein the reversing movement comprises first a first reversing phase, with which the thread generating region of the tool is guided back into the flight of the formed thread, and, thereafter, a second reversing phase, during which the thread generating region is guided outwards out of the workpiece through the flight.

During the reversing movement, the thread and clearing tooth of the tool clears foreign bodies, in particular chips or chip roots, in front of or out of the thread with its clearing element and can in particular also smooth the workpiece surface, in particular in the thread, and/or in particular not allow gaps to form with respect to the flight inner wall in the clearing operation, in which gaps chips could become fixed.

In one embodiment, the axial feed of the tool, based on a complete revolution, is smaller in terms of amount than the thread pitch at least during part of the decelerating movement and is zero at the reversal point.

The thread tooth and/or the thread and clearing tooth thus produces, during the decelerating movement, at least one, in particular closed or annular, circumferential or peripheral groove in the workpiece.

During the decelerating movement in the second working phase, a circumferential or peripheral groove or an undercut is thus generally produced in the workpiece, for which reason the operation in the second working phase, as well as being referred to as a decelerating operation or movement, can also be referred to as peripheral groove production or circumferential groove production or undercut movement, in the case of a purely cutting tool also as a cutaway movement.

Owing to the particular form of the thread tooth, friction at the workpiece surface is avoided or at least greatly reduced both at its front thread tooth relieved surface and at its rear thread tooth relieved surface during the working movement and also during the decelerating movement and also during the reversing movement.

The decelerating movement preferably comprises a rotational movement with the same rotational direction as in the working movement.

In a preferred embodiment, during the decelerating movement, the axial feed movement is controlled in dependence on the rotational angle of the rotational movement of the tool according to a previously stored definite relationship, in particular a function or a sequence of functions, between the axial feed of the tool and the rotational angle.

The decelerating operation or the second working phase generally begins at an axial feed which corresponds to the thread pitch of the first working phase. The decelerating operation is to be understood as decelerating from the initial thread pitch to zero at the end or at a reversal point and does not have to involve, over the entire rotational angle interval, a reduction of the axial feed in dependence on the rotational angle (deceleration; negative acceleration), in particular to values below the thread pitch. Instead, rotational angle intervals are also possible in which the axial feed, based on the rotational angle, is zero or even temporarily negative, that is to say reverses its direction.

A function which defines the relationship between the axial feed (or: axial penetration depth) and the rotational angle can have a continuous definition range and value range or also a discrete definition range and value range with discrete, previously stored or previously determined value pairs or value tables.

In one embodiment, the rotational speed of the rotational movement at the reversal point is also zero.

In one embodiment, the overall or cumulative axial feed of the tool during the decelerating movement is chosen or set to be between 0.1 times and 2 times the thread pitch.

In a preferred embodiment, during the decelerating movement, mutually different relationships, in particular functions, between the axial feed of the tool and the rotational angle are chosen or set in multiple successive decelerating steps.

In a particularly advantageous embodiment, during multiple, in particular also all, decelerating steps, the axial penetration depth or the axial feed is a linear function of the rotational angle and/or the pitch, that is to say the derivative of the axial penetration depth or of the axial feed with respect to the rotational angle, is constant in each of those decelerating steps and decreases in terms of amount from one decelerating step to a following decelerating step.

This embodiment can be implemented particularly simply by using for the working movement an NC control system for a threading process, for example a G33 path condition, with the thread pitch of the thread and likewise using in the multiple decelerating steps an NC control system, preferably the same NC control system, for a threading process, for example a G33 path condition, with the respective constant pitch as the thread pitch parameter.

In one embodiment, during multiple, in particular all, decelerating steps, the axial penetration depth or the axial feed is a spline function, in particular a cubic spline function, of the rotational angle.

In one embodiment, the different functions of successive decelerating steps are continuously juxtaposed and, in the case of differentiable functions, preferably continuously differentiably juxtaposed.

In one embodiment, in particular during an equalization step, the axial feed during the decelerating movement is zero in a rotational angle sub-interval and/or takes place in the backwards direction contrary to the forwards direction of the working movement in a rotational angle sub-interval.

In one embodiment, after the reversal point has been reached, a reversing movement of the tool is initiated, with which the tool is moved out of the workpiece, wherein the reversing movement comprises first a first reversing phase, with which the thread generating region of the tool is guided back into the flight of the formed thread, and, thereafter, a second reversing phase, during which the thread generating region is guided outwards out of the workpiece through the flight.

In an advantageous embodiment, the reversing movement in the first reversing phase is controlled by the previously stored definite relationship, which is the same in terms of amount but inverted in the rotational direction and feed direction, in particular a function or a sequence of functions, between the axial feed of the tool and the rotational angle, as in the decelerating movement during the second working phase, optionally with omission or shortening of the equalization step, where present.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be explained further hereinbelow by means of exemplary embodiments. Reference will thereby also be made to the drawing, in which there are shown, in each case schematically:

FIG. 1 a combined drilling and thread forming tool in the production of a threaded hole,

FIG. 2 a threaded hole produced by the method or the tool according to FIG. 1, in a longitudinal section,

FIG. 3 a thread tooth with tooth flanks tapered according to the invention, in a partially perspective developed representation,

FIG. 4 a thread tooth with tooth flanks tapered according to the invention on the tool, in a perspective representation,

FIG. 5 a thread tool with a clearing structure for the backwards movement, in a partially perspective developed representation,

FIG. 6 a thread tooth with a clearing structure for the backwards movement on the tool, in a perspective front view,

FIG. 7 the thread tooth according to FIG. 6, in a perspective rear view,

FIG. 8 a tool with a front thread tooth according to FIG. 4 and a rear thread tooth according to FIGS. 6 and 7, in a perspective side view,

FIG. 9 the front region of the tool according to FIG. 8, in a perspective side view,

FIG. 10 the front region of the tool according to FIG. 8, in a perspective side view rotated with respect to FIG. 9,

FIG. 11 an exemplary embodiment of a division of the thread active profiles of the two thread teeth according to FIGS. 4 and 6 and 7, in cross-section,

FIGS. 12 to 17 further exemplary embodiments of divisions of the thread active profiles of the two thread teeth according to FIGS. 4 and 6 and 7, in each case in cross-section,

FIG. 18 in a diagram, the graph of the axial penetration depth as a function of the rotational angle for a complete threaded hole production cycle,

FIG. 19 the end portion of the graph shown in FIG. 18 in the forwards movement as decelerating operation, and

FIG. 20 the end portion of the graph shown in FIG. 18 in the backwards movement as acceleration operation,

FIG. 21 an equalization step in a first form,

FIG. 22 an equalization step in a second form,

FIG. 23 three exemplary embodiments of control curves,

FIG. 24 three further exemplary embodiments of control curves

FIG. 25 two further exemplary embodiments of control curves, and

FIG. 26 an exemplary embodiment of the dependence of the rotational angle and the penetration depth on time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Mutually corresponding parts and parameters are provided with the same reference signs in FIGS. 1 to 26.

First exemplary embodiments of the tool and method according to the invention are explained hereinbelow with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.

The tool 2 shown in FIG. 1 is used to produce a threaded hole 5 in a workpiece 6. The tool 2 is a combined tool and produces both the core hole in the workpiece with the predefined core hole diameter of the thread and the internal thread in the core hole, that is to say the flight 50 of the internal thread in the lateral wall or inner wall of the core hole. For this purpose, the tool is moved into the workpiece 6 in a working movement or a working stroke or a thread forming movement, which is composed of a rotational movement about the tool axis on the one hand and an axial feed movement along the tool axis.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a threaded hole 5 with a flight 50 and a thread profile 55 which can be produced by a method or a tool according to the invention, for example a tool according to FIG. 1.

The thread pitch angle δ of the flight 50 with thread pitch P and diameter D is measured relative to a transverse plane E, which is oriented perpendicularly to the tool axis A, and can be calculated from the following relationship: P=π·D tan·δ

Typical values for the thread pitch angle δ lie, for example, between 1° and 5°.

The tool 2 is, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1, on the one hand movable in rotation or rotationally movable about a tool axis A extending through the tool 2 and on the other hand movable axially or in translation along or axially relative to the tool axis A. These two movements are matched or synchronized with one another, preferably by a control unit, in particular the machine controller, while the tool 2 penetrates the workpiece 6 at a surface 60 of the workpiece 6 and as far as a hole depth T_(L). The tool axis A remains stationary or in a fixed position relative to the workpiece 6 while the threaded hole 5 is being produced. The thread center axis M of the threaded hole 5 is coaxial with the tool axis A or coincides therewith during the process.

The tool 2 can preferably be driven in rotation or in a rotational movement about its tool axis A in a forwards rotational direction VD and in an opposite backwards rotational direction RD by means of a coupling region to a tool shank which extends or is formed axially relative to the tool axis A, by means of a rotary drive, not shown, in particular a machine tool and/or a drive or machine tool spindle. Furthermore, the tool 2 is movable axially in an axial forwards movement VB or an axial backwards movement RB axially relative to the tool axis A, in particular by means of an axial drive, which in turn can be provided in the machine tool and/or the drive or machine tool spindle.

At a free end region of the tool 2 remote from the coupling region of the shank 21 there is provided a working region 20. The working region 20 comprises a drilling region 3 at the end-face end of the tool 2 and a thread generating region 4 which is offset axially with respect to the tool axis A to the rear relative to the drilling region 3 or towards the shank 21.

The drilling region 3 comprises end-face (main) drilling cutters 30 which can be arranged to extend axially forwards in a sloping, in particular conical, manner and can taper in a drill tip 33, in particular in a cone which tapers to the drill tip 33. These end-face drilling cutters 30 are configured to cut in the forwards rotational direction VD, with a right-hand cut in the exemplary embodiment shown, and remove material of the workpiece 6 that is located axially in front of the tool 2 in a cutting manner during the forwards movement VB with the simultaneous rotational movement in the forwards rotational direction VD.

In addition, the drilling region 3 preferably also comprises guide regions 31 on its outer wall, which can serve to guide the tool 2 itself in the drilled hole that is produced and for that purpose rest against the core hole wall or are only slightly spaced apart therefrom. Instead of or in addition to the guide regions, peripheral cutters or lateral-surface cutters can be provided, which machine or prepare the lateral wall of the core hole by removing in a cutting manner regions of the workpiece 6 which adjoin radially outwards relative to the tool axis A. These lateral-surface cutters can serve to achieve a sufficient surface quality also of the lateral wall or core hole inner wall and extend in particular predominantly parallel or inclined slightly to the rear (in order to reduce friction) relative to the tool axis A at a radial distance d/2 from the tool axis A which corresponds to half the core hole inside diameter. The guide regions 31 or peripheral or lateral-surface cutters can be formed and/or arranged directly adjoining the end-face drilling cutters 30 or can also be slightly axially offset relative thereto.

The drilling region 3 thus has an outside diameter or drilling diameter d and consequently produces a bore or a core hole with that inside diameter d in the workpiece 6. The drilling cutters 30 and 31 can also be referred to as core hole cutters, since they produce the core hole of the threaded hole 5. The outermost dimension radial to the tool axis A of the drilling or core hole cutters 30 and 31 thereby determines the core hole inside diameter d.

Behind the drilling region 3 or the drilling or core hole cutters 30 and 31 or arranged axially offset in the opposite direction to the axial forwards movement VB, the tool 2 comprises a thread generating region 4, which extends or is formed along a helical line (or: helix, flight), the pitch of which corresponds to the thread pitch P and the thread direction of which corresponds to the thread direction of the internal thread or flight 50 to be formed. The helical line is in this sense technical and not to be interpreted as a purely mathematical one-dimensional line, but also has a certain extent transversely to the mathematical line, which extent corresponds to the corresponding dimension of the thread generating region 4. Mathematically, it would otherwise be necessary to speak of a sheaf of helical lines extending parallel to one another or possibly of a helix band.

The thread direction of the thread generating region 4 as a right-hand thread or left-hand thread corresponds to the superposition of the axial forwards movement VB and the forwards rotational movement VD. The thread direction W is shown by way of example in FIGS. 3 to 7, which will be discussed in greater detail hereinbelow.

The thread generating region 4 generally protrudes radially further outwards relative to the tool axis A or is at a larger radial outer distance from the tool axis A than the drilling region 3 or has a larger outside diameter D than the outside diameter d of the drilling region 3.

The thread generating region 4 comprises one or more, that is to say a number n greater than or equal to 1, of thread teeth, which are configured to be cutting and/or forming. Each thread tooth is configured or oriented or arranged to extend along the helical line. Each thread tooth has a thread tooth profile as an active profile, which generally is given by or represents the outermost dimension or outer profile of the thread tooth in a projection along the helical line and is reproduced in the workpiece during the thread forming movement, either by cutting or by forming or impression.

When the thread generating region 4 comprises multiple (n>1) thread teeth, these thread teeth are arranged offset relative to one another at least approximately along the helical line (or in the axial direction). Such an arrangement along the helical line also includes embodiments in which thread teeth are slightly offset laterally with respect to an ideal line, for example in order to produce thread active profiles with different processing at the thread flanks or a different division or superposition of the thread active profiles on the or to form the overall thread profile. In respect of this arrangement of the thread teeth, it is important only that their arrangement is reproduced during the working movement on a flight in the workpiece with the same thread pitch P.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, two or more thread teeth 41 and 42 are provided, which are axially offset relative to one another, for example, by half a thread pitch P, that is to say are offset in the angle direction according to half a revolution or by 180°. The thread teeth, in particular 41 and 42, protrude radially further outwards from the tool axis A than do the drilling or core hole cutters 30 and 31. The outside diameter of the thread generating region 4 and of the flight 50, and thus of the threaded hole 5, is denoted D. The radial difference between the outermost dimension of the thread forming teeth and the outermost radial dimension of the core hole cutters corresponds in particular to the profile depth of the thread profile of the internal thread to be formed or, in other words, the difference between the radius D/2 of the thread base and the radius of the core hole d/2.

The thread profile of the internal thread, that is to say the cross-section through the flight 50, is produced by the thread active profile composed of or superposed from the individual active profiles of the thread teeth, for example 41 and 42, in the case of a complete passage through the workpiece.

The thread profile width, measured in axial projection onto the tool axis A, of the thread active profile is denoted c (in FIG. 2) and corresponds to the maximum distance of the thread profile flanks. The axial distance, measured in axial projection onto the tool axis A, between two successive thread profiles of the flight 50 is the thread gap b. The sum of the thread gap b and the thread width c here corresponds to the thread pitch P.

In an advantageous embodiment, the following method is carried out with the tool 2 or another tool according to the invention:

During a first working phase or thread forming phase, the core hole is produced with the tool 2 by means of the drilling region 3 and, immediately axially thereafter and at least partially simultaneously, the flight 50 is produced in the core hole wall by means of the thread generating region 4. In this first working phase, the axial feed rate along the tool axis A is so matched and synchronized with the rotational speed for the rotational movement about the tool axis A that, in the case of a complete revolution, the axial feed corresponds to the thread pitch P. The axial penetration depth (or: the axial feed) T, measured in the direction of the tool axis A, from the workpiece surface 60 in this first working phase corresponds to the thread depth T_(G).

In a second working phase immediately following the first working phase, the tool 2 is then decelerated in a decelerating operation (or: in a decelerating movement) in a rotational angle interval in such a manner that the axial feed V in the case of a rotational angle of 360°, that is to say in the case of a complete revolution, of the tool 2 is less than the thread pitch 2 and decreases to zero. The decelerating operation or the second working phase generally begins at an axial feed, based on a rotational angle of 360°, which corresponds to the thread pitch P of the first working phase, that is to say V=P, and then reduces the axial feed per 360° rotational angle to values below the thread pitch P, that is to say V<P. The decelerating operation is to be understood as being decelerating from the initial thread pitch V=P to zero at the end or at a reversal point, that is to say V=0, and does not have to involve a reduction in the axial feed V in dependence on the rotational angle (deceleration; negative acceleration) over the entire rotational angle interval. Instead, rotational angle intervals are also possible in which the axial feed, based on the rotational angle, is zero or even temporarily negative, that is to say reverses its direction.

In a preferred embodiment, this decelerating operation takes place in defined sub-steps, as will be explained in greater detail hereinbelow.

This decelerating movement in the second working phase has the result that the thread generating region 4 then produces—in a manner which is actually atypical or functionally foreign—at least one encircling groove or circumferential groove or peripheral groove in the core hole wall. As well as being referred to as a decelerating operation, the operation in the second working phase can therefore also be referred to as peripheral groove production or circumferential groove production or an undercut movement, in the case of a purely cutting tool also as a cutaway movement.

In FIG. 1, the thread forming teeth 41 and 42 are shown with the same outside radius D/2 and preferably the same thread active profile, which already corresponds to the final profile of the flight 50. In the second working phase, the thread forming teeth 41 and 42 of the tool according to FIG. 1 produce a peripheral groove 53 of continuous outside diameter D and axial length a, which is given by the overall axial feed of the decelerating movement in the second working phase as far as the reversal point.

In FIG. 2, on the other hand, two peripheral grooves 51 and 52 are shown, wherein the first peripheral groove 51 has an outside diameter d′ lying between the core hole diameter d and the thread outside diameter D and the second peripheral groove 52 has an outside diameter which corresponds to the thread outside diameter D.

Such peripheral grooves 51 and 52 can be produced during the second working phase, for example, with two thread forming teeth 41 and 42 offset by P/2, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1, which are modified as follows: the first thread forming tooth 41 in FIG. 1 can have an outside radius of only d′/2 and thus be an initial cutting or initial furrowing tooth which does not produce the flight 50 to the full profile depth or to the final thread base, while the second thread forming tooth 42 already has the full outside diameter D, that is to say produces the full thread profile depth (full tooth).

The peripheral groove is thus composed of two part-grooves, namely the first peripheral groove 51 of smaller diameter, which is produced by the first thread forming tool 41, and the second peripheral groove 52 formed with the full diameter D, which is produced by the second thread forming tooth 42.

These embodiments are only by way of example. With a different number or distribution, not shown, of thread forming teeth, correspondingly different peripheral grooves are obtained.

If the peripheral groove(s), for example the peripheral grooves 51 and 52 in FIG. 2 or the peripheral groove 53 in FIG. 1, are to be produced continuously or without interruption in the axial direction, the axial feed V in the case of a complete revolution or 360° is reduced in particular by at least b/n relative to P, in order to close or no longer produce the thread gap b, wherein n is the number of thread forming teeth in the thread generating region 4.

It would also be possible to carry out the undercut movement or decelerating movement, for example by suitably choosing the movement parameters or also by additional axial equalization movements, in such a manner that the outside width on the thread profile, in particular the flanks, are no longer visible in the peripheral groove or disappear and/or the peripheral groove has only a cylindrical shape. The ability to screw through the workpiece thread formed could thus be improved or made possible.

In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, n=2 with the two thread forming teeth 41 and 42 or peripheral grooves 51 and 52, so that the axial feed V in the decelerating operation is thus preferably set less than P−b/2. The thread active profile of the thread forming teeth, here 41 and 42, then no longer produces a thread during the movement when superposed but produces at least one continuous peripheral groove which has, through-out, the outside diameter which corresponds to that of the associated thread forming tooth on its respective path during the decelerating movement in the second working phase.

The overall depth or hole depth or overall axial dimension of the threaded hole 5 after the second working phase is denoted T_(L) and corresponds substantially to the sum T_(G)+a of the thread depth T_(G) as the axial feed from the first working phase and the axial groove length a as the axial feed from the second working phase.

When the overall depth or hole depth T_(L) of the threaded hole 5 has been reached, the tool 2 comes to a standstill and reaches a reversal point.

At the reversal point, a reversing or backwards movement RB is then immediately initiated, with which the tool 2 in a first reversing phase is first moved back through the peripheral groove(s) 51, 52, 53 to the flight 50 and then, in a second reversing phase, is moved or fed outwards out of the threaded hole 5 and then the workpiece 6 through the thread or the flight 50. Because of the smaller diameter, the thread is also not damaged by the drilling region 3 even in the reversing movement.

A preferred form of the first reversing phase will be discussed in greater detail hereinbelow.

In the second reversing phase of the backwards movement RB, the axial feed and the rotational movement of the tool 2 are again synchronized with one another according to the thread pitch P, in order not to damage the thread, except that the direction of the axial feed in the arrow direction of the backwards movement RB is changed or opposite relative to the arrow direction of the forwards or working movement VB and the rotational direction of the rotational movement is likewise reversed, that is to say the backwards rotational direction RD is set instead of the forwards rotational direction VD.

The thread axis or center axis of the thread with the flight 50 is denoted M and coincides with the tool axis A of the tool 2 or is coaxial therewith during the entire working movement, that is to say both in the first working phase and in the second working phase, and also during the reversing movement, that is to say both in the first reversing phase and in the second reversing phase.

Further tools and part-regions thereof will be described in different embodiments according to the invention with reference to FIGS. 3 to 17.

FIG. 3 shows, in a two-dimensional representation as a flat pattern of the substantially helical structure, or the cylindrical surface, a thread tooth 7 of a tool, in particular of a tool for forming a threaded hole according to a first embodiment. In FIG. 4, the same or a similar thread tooth 7 is shown in perspective in its position on the tool 2.

The thread tooth 7 comprises a thread cutter 75 which forms a thread tooth profile GP with a thread tooth profile head K and two laterally adjoining thread tooth profile flanks, a front thread tooth profile flank F1 and a rear thread tooth profile flank F2.

Here and in the following, “forwards” or “front” is to be understood as following in the direction of the forwards movement VB or the thread direction W of the thread generating region 4, and “rearwards” or “rear” is to be understood as being in the opposite direction, that is to say opposite to the direction of the forwards movement or in the direction of the backwards movement RB or contrary to the thread direction W of the thread generating region 4.

In a forming or non-cutting variant which is not shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, it is possible to provide in all embodiments, instead of a thread cutter 75, also a thread pressing web which represents the thread tooth profile GP, or also a combination of cutter(s) and pressing web(s).

The thread tooth profile GP of the thread tooth 7 can already be the final thread profile of the flight that is produced or can also be an intermediate or preliminary profile, for example an initial cutting or initial furrowing profile, which is superposed with further thread tooth profiles of further thread teeth to form an overall thread active profile.

The thread tooth 7 generally follows a helical line which extends at the thread pitch angle δ to a transverse plane, for example E1 or E2, which is oriented perpendicularly or orthogonally to the tool axis A. The thread tooth 7 thereby generally lies within a helical region which is bounded to the front by a front thread tooth flank envelope G1 and to the rear by a rear thread tooth flank envelope G2.

The front thread tooth flank envelope G1, as a geometric surface, begins at or comprises the front thread tooth profile flank F1 of the thread tooth profile GP and extends relative to a front transverse plane E1, which extends through the outermost or forwardmost point or edge of the front thread tooth profile flank F1, inclined to the rear by the thread pitch angle δ. In other words, the front thread tooth flank envelope G1 can be formed geometrically by moving the front thread tooth profile flank F1 along the helical line with the thread pitch angle δ backwards or contrary to the thread direction W or to the forwards direction VB.

The rear thread tooth flank envelope G2, as a geometric surface, begins at or comprises the rear thread tooth profile flank F2 of the thread cutter 75 and extends relative to a rear transverse plane E2, which extends through the outermost or rearmost edge or point of the rear thread tooth profile flank F2, inclined to the rear by the thread pitch angle δ. In other words, the rear thread tooth flank envelope G2 can be formed geometrically by moving the rear thread tooth profile flank F1 along the helical line with the thread pitch angle δ backwards or contrary to the thread direction W or to the forwards direction VB.

The thread tooth 7 then has a front flank relieved surface (relieved surface on the thread tooth flank) 71 on its front thread tooth flank, which directly adjoins behind the front thread tooth profile flank F1 of the thread tooth profile GP. The front flank relieved surface 71 of the thread tooth 7 is isolated or set back relative to the front thread tooth flank envelope G1 inwards or to the rear or contrary to the forwards direction VB or the thread direction W, in particular by a flank relief angle α1. This can be effected by relief grinding, for example with a grinding disk. This measure is important in the thread forming movement in order to avoid or reduce friction.

The front flank relief angle α1 of the front flank relieved surface 71 is typically 0°<α1<10°, in particular 0°<α1<2°, thus is preferably of the order of magnitude of a few degrees.

The thread tooth 7 further has a rear flank relieved surface (relieved surface on the thread tooth flank) 72 on its rear thread tooth flank, which directly adjoins behind the rear thread tooth profile flank F1 of the thread tooth profile GP.

The rear flank relieved surface 72 of the thread tooth 7 is isolated or displaced relative to the rear thread tooth flank envelope G2 inwards or to the front or in the forwards direction VB or in the thread direction W, in particular inclined by a flank relief angle α2.

This can again be effected by relief grinding, for example with a grinding disk.

For the rear flank relief angle α2, δ<α2 and in particular α2<2δ or δ<α2<6°, for example δ<4°<α2<5°. The flank relief angle α2 of the rear flank relieved surface 72 is thus at least larger than the thread pitch angle δ, preferably also by a few degrees.

In this embodiment, but also in other embodiments, the rear flank relieved surface 72 of the thread tooth 7 is according to the invention isolated or displaced (also) relative to the rear transverse plane E2 inwards or to the front or in the forwards direction VB or in the thread direction W, in particular inclined by the (relief) angle α2−δ. This measure is very advantageous in the undercut or decelerating movement in order to avoid or reduce friction.

Instead of the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 shown, which extend linearly in the flat pattern and helically in real space, it is also possible to choose non-linear or curved forms, in particular flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72, or thread tooth flank forms, which taper towards one another to a greater extent or which taper towards one another to a lesser extent at least in some regions. In such an embodiment, the corresponding flank relief angle can define a boundary line or surface which is not exceeded (outwards) by the flank relieved surface.

It should only be ensured that the thread tooth 7 has or forms at its flanks, when seen in the feed direction or also forwards direction VB, behind the thread tooth profile flanks F1 and F2, in each case a flank relieved surface 71 or 72, wherein the front flank relieved surface 71 of the thread tooth 7 is set back or isolated inwards or to the rear relative to the front thread tooth flank envelope G1 and thus also relative to the front transverse plane E1, and wherein, according to the invention, the rear flank relieved surface 72 is displaced or isolated inwards or to the front relative to the rear transverse plane E2 and thus also relative to the rear thread tooth flank envelope G2.

Owing to the measures according to these embodiments, the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 run freely during the entire working process and are not in frictional contact or engagement with or in the workpiece surface.

Displacing the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 inwards relative to the thread tooth flank envelopes G1 and G2 ensures that the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 of the thread tooth 7 run freely during the thread forming process in the first working phase of the tool 2 and also during feeding out of the flight in the second reversing phase, in each case without friction against the workpiece 6. This in principle corresponds per se to the prior art.

Also displacing the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 inwards relative to the two transverse planes E1 and E2, as is additionally provided according to the invention, also ensures that the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 of the thread tooth 7 move freely during production of the peripheral groove(s) in the second working phase of the tool 2 and also during the acceleration in the first reversing phase, in each case without friction against the workpiece 6. During the second working phase, the thread tooth 7 works in a feed direction in the angle range between the thread tooth flank envelope G1 and the transverse plane E1 and between the thread tooth flank envelope G2 and the transverse plane E2, that is to say within the thread pitch angle δ in FIG. 3. However, none of the flank relieved surfaces 71 and 72 is located within this angle range. The stresses on the thread tooth 7 which occur as a result of the comparatively high material removal in this second working phase are thus significantly reduced. In other words, not only does the thread tooth not come into contact at its relieved surfaces with the workpiece during the thread forming phase or first working phase, but there is also no contact of the thread tooth at its relieved surfaces with the workpiece during the decelerating phase or second working phase for producing the peripheral groove(s), that is to say during a movement with a lower pitch than the thread pitch to pitch 0, and damaging frictional forces are thus also avoided or at least greatly reduced in this second working phase.

This is not known from the prior art. In the tool bit known from DE 10 2016 008 478 A1, although the thread tooth runs freely during the first working phase, that is to say during thread cutting, it does not run completely freely during the second working phase, the production of the peripheral groove, but there is still partial engagement into the workpiece and frictional contact at the rear tooth flank.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the thread tooth 7 can additionally be in the form of an initial cutting tooth. The thread tooth profile GP thus does not yet correspond to the final thread profile of the flight but is smaller than that thread profile. For this purpose, the thread tooth 7 has on its tooth back a chamfer or a bevel or a relieved surface 74, which forms a flat tooth head K at the thread cutter 75, so that a trapezoidal thread tooth profile GP is obtained, and then drops down to the rear and tapers to a substantially linear tooth land 73. The thread tooth 7 is thus also provided with a relieved surface or a relief angle, not shown, on its tooth back and does not rub against the workpiece there either.

FIG. 4 shows a thread tooth 7, which has the same or a similar form to the thread tooth 7 according to FIG. 3, in a perspective view on a tool 2 according to an embodiment of the invention, for example a tool 2 having a drilling region 3 and a thread generating region 4 as described herein and shown, for example, in FIG. 1. The thread tooth 7 can in particular be the forwardmost or first thread tooth of the thread generating region 4, when seen in the forwards direction VB, for example the thread tooth 41 in FIG. 1, or also a thread tooth at a specific location in an initial cutting region having multiple initial cutting teeth. In an embodiment with a forming thread tooth, it would accordingly be a furrowing region.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a thread and clearing tooth 8 for a tool according to the invention in a schematic representation according to a flat pattern. FIGS. 6 and 7 show a specific example of a similar thread and clearing tooth 8 in a 3D view.

The thread and clearing tooth 8 is provided in a first function or main function for the complete production or finishing or after-treatment of the flight or of the thread profile of the flight.

For this purpose, the thread and clearing tooth 8 comprises, at its front-side region arranged at the front when seen in the feed direction or forwards direction VB or in the thread direction W, a thread cutter 85 with a thread tooth profile GP which has a thread tooth profile head K, a front thread tooth profile flank F1 and a rear thread tooth profile flank F2. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5 shown, the thread tooth profile GP is triangular, in FIG. 6 it is trapezoidal. However, any desired, in particular all known, thread profiles can be prepared and produced with the tool in all embodiments.

In embodiments, for example as shown in FIG. 5, the entire thread tooth profile GP is produced by cutting, the thread cutter 85 thus reproduces the entire thread profile.

In embodiments, for example as shown in FIG. 6, a generally lower portion GP of the thread profile is produced by cutting, that is to say the thread cutter 85 reproduces that portion of the thread profile, and the remainder of the thread profile is produced in a non-cutting manner by impression or furrowing. For this purpose, the thread and clearing tooth 8 in such embodiments comprises, behind the thread cutter 85 on the tooth back, a furrowing region which increases outwards, starting from the thread cutter 85, for example in the form of an in particular flat furrowing face 84 which rises with a furrowing pitch as far as a tooth land 83, in particular a tooth land which is flat or lies on a cylindrical surface. This tooth land 83 forms a calibration region for this thread furrowing region and preferably reproduces the final thread tooth profile head K′ or reproduces the final thread base of the flight in the workpiece. The width of the thread tooth profile head K′ of the tooth land 83 is smaller than the width of the thread tooth profile head K of the thread cutter 85, the thread tooth profile flanks F1 and F2 continue beyond the initial furrowing face to the thread tooth profile head K′. The resulting thread tooth profile GP′ is achieved at the end of the thread furrowing face 84 or at the transition region between the thread furrowing face 84 and the tooth land 83.

In an embodiment which is not shown, the thread and clearing tooth 8 can also work exclusively in a forming or non-cutting manner only with at least one furrowing element during thread forming.

In any case, a thread tooth element is provided in the front-side region of the thread and clearing tooth 8, which thread tooth element reproduces the thread tooth profile GP, either only by a thread cutter 85, by a combination of a thread cutter 85 with a thread furrowing face 84, or also only by a furrowing element.

Furthermore, the thread and clearing tooth 8 is also provided, in a second function, as a clearing tooth or for clearing the already produced flight or also the peripheral groove of chips or chip roots or other residues found therein during the reversing movement RB in the second reversing phase and also in the first reversing phase.

For this purpose, the thread and clearing tooth 8 has, at its rear-side region arranged at the rear when seen in the feed direction or forwards direction VB or in the thread direction W, a clearing cutter 86 with a clearing profile RP which has a clearing profile head K, a front clearing profile flank F1 and a rear clearing profile flank F2. The clearing profile RP can in particular correspond to or be the same as or at least similar to the thread tooth profile GP, that is to say, for example, can likewise be triangular in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 5 shown and likewise trapezoidal in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 7 shown. With the clearing cutter 86, foreign bodies, in particular chips or chip roots, in the flight or in the peripheral groove are separated or cut off.

The clearing function is additionally performed, for example according to FIG. 7, by a clearing face 88 which rises from the clearing profile head RK of the clearing cutter 86 to the tooth land 83, analogously to the furrowing face 74, which rises from the thread cutter 75 to the tooth land 83. The clearing face 88 pushes any remaining residues of chip roots or the like into the workpiece surface and/or smooths the workpiece surface, in particular in the flight, and can also serve to stabilize the tool during its movement.

The clearing cutter 86, alone or also in combination with the clearing face 88, forms or form a clearing element on the rear side or in the rear-side region of the thread and clearing tooth 8, that is to say the region which forms the region that enters the flight first during the reversing movement.

The clearing element 86 or 86 and 88 forms, as a joint active profile, a clearing profile RP which preferably corresponds to the thread profile of the formed thread, so that no gaps form during the clearing process.

The tooth flanks 81 and 82 of the thread and clearing tooth 8 are in particular in such a form, in particular ground with a grinding disk, that they extend at least predominantly or completely or over their entire length along the associated front thread tooth flank envelope G1 or rear thread tooth flank envelope G2 or without relieved surfaces or relief angles.

The tooth land 83 preferably also does not have any relieved surfaces. The thread and clearing tooth 8 thus runs without a gap through the formed flight during the reversing or backwards movement, and the clearing function is optimized because no chips or residues can become stuck in such a gap and residues such as chip roots on the workpiece surface can be pressed fully into the surface.

The configuration of the thread and clearing tooth 8 with a full thread tooth profile and a full clearing profile also makes it possible to separate the two functions, so that the clearing element, where possible, does not work during the forwards movement.

The forming bevels on the front and rear side, that is to say the furrowing face 84 and the clearing face 88, also stabilize the cutter corners and the cutter edge against breaking on clamping and also against breakouts relative to the pressure on the rear flank, which arises in the region of decelerating as a result of the smaller programmed feed in the z-direction.

In principle, an only partially full profile without relieved surfaces is also sufficient for such “complete” clearing, and relieved surfaces or ground relief areas can nevertheless be provided in some regions on the tooth flanks 81 and 82, in order to reduce the friction of the thread and clearing tooth 8.

In FIGS. 8 to 10, an exemplary embodiment of a tool 2 for producing a threaded hole in a workpiece is shown. The tool 2 is again a combined tool and both produces the core hole in the workpiece with the predefined core hole diameter of the thread by means of the drilling region 3 and forms the internal thread in the core hole, that is to say the flight of the internal thread in the lateral wall or inner wall of the core hole, by means of the thread generating region 4.

The thread generating region 4 comprises both a thread tooth 7 according to an embodiment according to FIG. 3 or 4 and a thread tooth 8 according to an embodiment according to FIG. 5, 6 or 7, for example starting from a tool 2 according to FIG. 1 by replacing the thread tooth 41 by the thread tooth 7 and the thread tooth 42 by the thread tooth 8.

The thread tooth 7, in particular as an initial cutting tooth, forms the forwardmost thread tooth of the thread generating region 4, and the thread tooth 8, in particular as a subsequent cutting and subsequent furrowing and calibrating tooth and also as a clearing tooth, forms the rearmost thread tooth. Further thread teeth can also be provided before the thread tooth 7 or between the thread tooth 7 and the thread tooth 8. The thread tooth 7 and the thread tooth 8 are offset relative to one another by P/2 or 180°, for example, in order to achieve a symmetrical division and force distribution, in the case of n thread teeth accordingly P/n or 360°/n. A different asymmetrical or uneven division can also be provided, however.

The two thread teeth 7 and 8 are separated from one another by separating grooves 25, which in particular form chip grooves or also coolant and/or lubricant grooves. The separating grooves 25 begin in the drilling region 3 and continue through the thread generating region 4 in particular into the shank region and preferably extend with a twist at a constant or variable twist angle, which typically lies in an interval from 0° to 50°, in particular from 20° to 35°.

FIGS. 11 to 17 show exemplary embodiments of a division of the thread active profiles, for example in the case of the tool 2 according to FIGS. 8 to 10. The thread profile is formed successively by superposition of individual active profiles.

In FIGS. 11 and 12 and 13 and also 15, the thread cutter 75 with the thread tooth profile GP of the thread tooth 7 forms the lower hatched region with the thread tooth profile face ΔA1 and the thread tooth profile depth Δr1 with the thread tooth profile head K and the thread tooth profile flanks F1 and F2 of the thread tooth 7. Thereafter, the thread tooth 8 then first forms with its thread cutter 85 the additional region with different hatching with the additional thread tooth profile face ΔA2 and additional thread tooth profile depth Δr2 and the thread tooth profile head K of the thread cutter 85 of the thread tooth 8, and then, immediately thereafter, by means of its furrowing face 84, the third region, again with different hatching, with the additional thread tooth profile face ΔA3 and the additional thread tooth profile depth Δr3 with the final thread tooth profile head K′ of the tooth land 83 of the thread tooth 8.

In FIG. 11 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1>ΔA2>ΔA3 and Δr1>Δr2>Δr3.

In FIG. 12 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1>ΔA2>ΔA3 and Δr1=Δr2 and Δr2>Δr3.

In FIG. 13 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1=ΔA2 and ΔA2>ΔA3 and Δr3<Δr1<Δr2.

In FIG. 15 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1>ΔA2>ΔA3 and Δr1>Δr2>Δr3.

The flanks F1 and F2 continue upwards in all the thread profiles in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 and also FIGS. 15 to 17 or retain the flank angle, that is to say they can correspond in their orientation in the case of the thread teeth 7 and 8.

FIG. 14, on the other hand, shows an exemplary embodiment in which the flanks of the thread active profiles differ, in particular in terms of their flank distance, that is to say the flanks are also worked in succession further outwards into the workpiece. The thread tooth profile head K(7) with the flanks of the first active profile can still be trapezoidal or provided with corners and the thread tooth profile head K(8) of the second active profile can also be rounded or be round in form. Here too, many further embodiments are possible.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 15, the thread tooth profile heads K(7) and K(8) and also K′(8) are rounded or convexly curved wholly or at least at the corners or transition regions to the flanks. This reduces the forces or the risk of crack formation at the corner regions.

In embodiments, for example as shown in FIGS. 14 and 16 and 17, the thread profile is produced by only two thread active profiles, on the one hand the lower (inner) hatched region, again produced, for example, with the thread tooth 7, with the thread tooth profile face ΔA1 and the thread tooth profile depth Δr1, in particular with the thread tooth profile head K and the thread tooth profile flanks F1 and F2 of the thread tooth 7, and the upper (outer) region, with different hatching, in particular produced with the thread tooth 8, with the additional thread tooth profile face ΔA2 and additional thread tooth profile depth Δr2, in particular with the thread tooth profile head K of the thread cutter 85 of the thread tooth 8.

In FIG. 14 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1>ΔA2 and Δr1>Δr2.

In FIG. 16 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1>ΔA2 and Δr1=Δr2.

In FIG. 17 there is chosen by way of example ΔA1=ΔA2 and Δr1<Δr2.

The same thread tooth profile faces, in particular ΔA1=ΔA2 as in FIG. 13 and FIG. 17, for example, generally mean equal volumes of the cut or formed flight sub-profile of the flight 50. The same thread tooth profile depths, in particular Δr1=Δr2 as in FIG. 12 and FIG. 16, for example, generally mean equal chip thicknesses in the case of cutting or impression depths in the case of forming of the corresponding flight sub-profiles of the flight 50.

In the case of thread teeth 7 and 8 or 41 and 42 of different forms and/or more than two thread teeth 7 and 8 or 41 and 42, the division can be made into more active profiles and with even more combinations and degrees of freedom.

FIGS. 18 to 20 show, in each case by means of a diagram, an exemplary embodiment of a process (or: method) or of a control sequence which can be used both for forming a thread in a previously produced core hole in the workpiece or for producing a threaded hole in the workpiece, that is to say in the solid material of the workpiece without previously drilling a core hole, for example a threaded hole according to FIG. 2.

For forming a thread in a pre-produced core hole, a tap or cold-forming tap according to the prior art mentioned at the beginning can be used.

For producing a threaded hole, a combined drilling and tapping tool, as known from DE 10 2016 008 478 A1 mentioned at the beginning, or a combined drilling and cold-forming tool, as known from DE 10 2005 022 503 A1 mentioned at the beginning, can be used, or a tool according to the invention, for example according to FIG. 1, can also be used.

In the diagram of FIG. 18, the penetration depth (or: vertical or axial coordinate) T is plotted on the vertical axis or ordinate as the coordinate for the axial feed in mm, which extends and is measured in the axial direction, that is to say along the tool axis A and the thread center axis M coaxial with the tool axis A. The values for the penetration depth T decrease from the value T=0 mm shown at the very top, which corresponds in particular to the axial entry position at the workpiece surface 60 of the workpiece 6 (as can be seen in FIG. 1), downwards, that is to say are plotted downwards as negative values. The number range extends in the example of FIG. 1, by way of example, from T=0 mm to T=−18 mm.

On the horizontal axis or abscissa there is plotted the (cumulative) rotational angle φ of the rotational movement of the tool 2 about its tool axis A in degrees [° ]. The rotational angle φ starts from the entry rotational angle or initial rotational angle φ=0° at the axial entry position T=0 mm at an entry point EP (0, 0) and increases to the right to positive values up to the value of φ=8000° entered as the last value on the abscissa. The rotational angle φ increases during the forwards rotational movement VD or in a forwards rotational direction to positive values and decreases during the backwards rotational movement RD or a backwards rotational direction contrary to the forwards rotational direction. ±360° thereby corresponds to a complete revolution of the tool 2 about its tool axis A.

The graph of the function T(φ) according to FIG. 18 illustrates, without loss of generality, in particular the production of a threaded hole, that is to say a complete threaded hole production cycle according to the invention in an exemplary embodiment, in particular a threaded hole production cycle with a first working phase, a second working phase, a reversal point, a first reversing phase and a second reversing phase, for example as already described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

The function T(φ) describes the dependence or synchronization of the axial feed movement in the axial coordinate (or: depth in the workpiece 6) T on or with the rotational movement in the coordinate φ and is typically stored in a control system such as a numerical control system or CC control system of the machine tool, in particular in the form of a previously determined and stored value table or also as function for calculation in each case. According to the nomenclature conventional in CNC technology, the T-coordinate corresponds to the Z-axis (spindle axis), wherein the positive direction conventionally extends from the workpiece to the tool, as indicated, for example, in FIG. 1 in the case of coordinate T.

The graph (φ; T(φ)) of the function T(φ), according to FIG. 18, first extends a linear portion typical of a tap or cold-forming tap and corresponding to the production of the flight, that is to say in the form of a straight line, from the starting point φ=0° and T=0 mm to a thread end point at φ₀ and T(φ₀)=−16 mm, at which the flight or the actual thread formation ends.

The linear function T(φ) in this portion from φ=0 to φ=φ₀ and T=0 to T=−16 mm is thus as follows: |T(φ)|=(P/360°)φ with thread pitch P.

The pitch or derivative dT/dφ in this region is constant and corresponds to the amount according to P/360°. Thus, for the thread pitch P=360°|dT/dφ|

Since in the chosen example of FIG. 18 the value for the thread depth T corresponding to the recorded angle value φ=3600° is T=−10 mm, the pitch of the straight line is −1 mm/360° and thus the thread pitch P=1 mm.

Owing to the axial feed, synchronized with the rotation, along the penetration depth T, or thread center axis M, all components of the tool 2 are migrated further by the thread pitch P on a complete revolution through 360°.

The linear portion of the function T(φ) corresponds to the usual synchronized tap or cold-forming tap kinematics and can be stored in a CNC control system, for example, as an already firmly programmed path condition (letter address G or G function), for example as G33, in particular G331 and G332, wherein the thread pitch P is entered as the interpolation parameter parallel to the Z-axis, typically under the letter address K in CNC nomenclature.

In this linear portion, the thread forming process takes place, in particular for producing the flight 50 in the first working phase according to FIGS. 1 and 2, and a thread of thread depth T_(G) as the interval length of the penetration depth T, in particular from T=0 to T₀, over the interval length or the rotational angle range φ_(G) of the rotational angle φ, in particular from φ=0° to φ=φ₀, is formed. In the example of FIG. 18, the thread forming process (first working phase) takes place from φ=0° to φ=φ₀ and from the corresponding penetration depth T=0 mm to T=−16 mm.

The pitch of the straight line in FIG. 18 between φ=0 and φ=φ₀ corresponds to the axial feed rate of the tool 2, which is synchronized with the rotational angle φ according to the thread pitch P.

The temporal dependence of the rotational angle φ(t) as a function of time t, and thus penetration depth T(t) as a function of time t, can in principle be varied during the thread forming process—also in wide ranges. Preferably, however, the rotational speed dφ/dt and the axial feed rate dT/dt during the working movement VB are each constant. If the rotational speed dφ/dt is changed, the axial feed rate dT/dt, that is to say the derivative of the penetration depth T with respect to time t, must thus also be correspondingly adapted in order that the synchronization of the axial feed Z according to the relationship Z=P/360° is maintained.

This is the kinematics that is known and implemented in machine tool control systems or CNC control systems in the case of thread formation by means of an axially working threading tool such as a tap or cold-forming tap.

Following the thread forming process (first working phase), a decelerating operation or a decelerating movement AB then takes place, in particular in the second working phase, in a rotational angle range Δφ between the rotational angle values φ₀ and φ_(n) and an associated penetration depth range ΔT, which in the example of FIG. 18 reaches from T(φ₀)=−16 mm to T(φ_(n))=−17 mm. At the end of the decelerating movement AB, a reversal point UP is reached, at which the tool 2 briefly comes to a standstill both in terms of the rotational movement and in terms of the axial feed movement. At the reversal point UP, the maximum rotational angle range φ_(L) for the production of the threaded hole is reached, wherein φ_(L)=φ_(G)+Δφ, and the maximum penetration depth T_(L) for the threaded hole, wherein T_(L)=T_(G)+ΔT.

During the decelerating operation or the decelerating movement AB, the axial feed rate is reduced in dependence on the rotational angle, which corresponds to the pitch of the graph shown for the function T(φ), according to a dependency or function which is preferably strictly monotonic (pitch always decreasing) or monotonic (pitch decreasing and optionally also zero in some regions), but can optionally also increase again slightly in sub-portions. Preferably, the pitch is successively reduced in a predetermined number n of individually defined programmed or stored sub-steps or decelerating steps S_(i), wherein the total number or number n is a natural number with n>1, generally 200>n>2, in particular 20>n>5 is chosen, and wherein i is the counting index for the decelerating step S_(i) and is between 1 and n, that is to say 1≤i≤n.

In each sub-step or decelerating step S_(i), a synchronization of the axial feed T (or of the feed rate dT/dt) and the rotational angle φ (or the rotational speed dφ/dt) corresponding to the control of a threading process is set or programmed by allocating or programming each decelerating step S_(i) with 1≤i≤n an associated predetermined function Ti(φ) with an associated value interval [T_(i−1), T_(i)] over the associated rotational angle range [φ_(i−1), φ_(i)].

The function T_(i)(φ) is preferably linear, the graph is thus (idealized) a straight line.

The programmed or stored pitch thereby decreases stepwise or in succession from each decelerating step S_(i) to the next decelerating step S_(i+1), that is to say |dT_(i)/dφ|>|dT_(i+1)/dφ|. The pitch in each case corresponds to a pitch parameter. In an advantageous embodiment, this pitch parameter is programmed in the CNC control system as the thread pitch, that is to say in particular as the interpolation parameter along the Z-axis or the thread axis M in a G33, in particular G331 or G332, path condition. The path conditions or G functions already defined in the control programming can thus be used, and only the input parameter of the thread pitch must successively be changed or re-programmed.

Accordingly, in each decelerating step S_(i), the associated pitch parameter P _(i) =|dT _(i) /dφ| is programmed or set, wherein P _(i+1) <P _(i) for all i with 1≤i≤n. Furthermore, P _(i) <P, that is to say the pitch in the second working phase or during the decelerating movement AB is less than the thread pitch P during the first working phase. In particular, but without loss of generality, it is possible that P_(i)=P(n−i)/n. Generally, the last value P_(n) is still greater than 0 even though it is the smallest value of the values P_(i).

The values of P_(i) can, for example, be so chosen that, from the thread pitch movement, a constantly continued movement into the relief-cutting region is possible. In particular, the speed of the tool is to be retained where possible. Consequently, different conditions can be formulated, for example, which can be reproduced in approximation functions.

In each decelerating step S_(i), for all i with 1≤i≤n, the following relationship applies: T(φ)=T _(i−1)−(P _(i)/360°)(φ−φ_(i−1)) for φ∈[φ_(i−1), φ_(i)] with the boundary conditions T(φ_(i−1))=T_(i−1) and T(φ_(i))=T_(i).

The rotational angle range Δφ for the decelerating movement AB in the second working phase is generally chosen to be smaller than the rotational angle range φ_(G) for the thread formation in the first working phase, in particular Δφ<0.5 φ_(G) and preferably Δφ<0.2 φ_(G) is chosen. This can depend in particular on how large the usable thread length is. Another influencing factor is the intended function in the undercut. If it is desired, in addition to pure decelerating, to additionally make further rotations in order to cut free the chips, revolutions can again be added (see in connection with FIGS. 21 and 22 hereinbelow).

The penetration depth (or: the maximum penetration depth) ΔT for the decelerating movement AB in the second working phase is generally chosen to be smaller than the penetration depth range or the thread length T_(G) for the thread formation in the first working phase, in particular ΔT<0.5 T_(G), preferably ΔT<0.2 T_(G), is chosen.

The penetration depth range ΔT for the decelerating movement AB can in particular be chosen to be equal to P. Likewise, a penetration depth range ΔT less than P is possible in order to keep the thread hole depth smaller, for example 0.5 P or also 0.25 P. For reasons of chip removal, it may also be advantageous to choose larger undercut heights or a larger penetration depth range ΔT, in particular up to 2 P and in exceptional cases even larger.

FIG. 19 shows an exemplary embodiment of a decelerating movement AB in an enlarged view of the bottom right region of the diagram of FIG. 3 in a rotational angle range Δφ and an associated penetration depth range ΔT.

In FIG. 19, by way of example and without loss of generality, n=10 is chosen, and ten decelerating steps S₁ to S₁₀ with the associated pitch parameters P₁ to P₁₀ are thus indicated.

The rotational angle range Δφ is correspondingly divided into the n=10 rotational angle intervals [φ₀, φ₁], [φ₁, φ₂], . . . , [φ_(i−1), φ_(i)], [φ_(i), φ_(i+1)], . . . , [φ₉, φ₁₀] and associated with those intervals are the corresponding penetration depth intervals [T₀, T₁], [T₁, T₂], . . . , [T_(i−1), T_(i)], [T_(i), T_(i+1)], . . . , [T₉, T₁₀], into which the penetration depth range ΔT is divided, which in the example of FIG. 19 ranges from T(φ₀)=−16 mm to T(φ₁₀)=−17 mm and/or corresponds to the thread pitch −P=−1 mm. Each interval corresponds to a sub-step S_(i).

In FIG. 19, unlike in FIG. 18, the rotational angle difference starting from φ₀ is recorded. If it is desired to plot the same values on the rotational angle axis for φ in FIG. 19 as in FIG. 18, all the values on the horizontal axis are to be added to the value of φ₀, which in FIG. 18, for example, is 5800°. The decelerating movement AB begins at the rotational angle value φ₀ and the associated depth penetration value T₀ and ends at the final rotational angle value φ₁₀ and the associated depth penetration value T₁₀.

There is then allocated to each of these intervals of each decelerating step S_(i) an associated pitch parameter P_(i), in particular as the thread pitch or interpolation parameter of the CNC control system, that is to say the pitch P₁ to the two intervals [φ₀, φ₁] and [T₀, T₁], the pitch P₂ to the interval pair [φ₁, φ₂] and [T₁, T₂] and so on up to pitch P₁₀ for the last interval pair [φ₉, φ₁₀] and [T₉, T₁₀].

The pitch values P₁ to P₁₀ are so chosen that P_(i+1)<P_(i) for i=1 to i=10 in FIG. 19 or n in FIG. 18. In each sub-portion or decelerating step S_(i), the thread pitch P₁ to P₁₀ remains constant, so that substantially straight sub-portions of the graph of the function T(φ) are obtained, in which a synchronized “thread movement” takes place, that is to say the axial feed rate corresponds to the quotient of P_(i)/360°.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 19 shown, the penetration depth intervals in the decelerating steps S_(i) were chosen to be equal for all i with 1≤i≤n (here, for example, n=10), so that the length of the intervals T₁−T₀=T₂−T₁=T_(i)−T_(i−1)=T_(i+1)−T_(i)=T_(n)−T_(n−1) is chosen to be equal or equidistant, that is to say T _(i) −T _(i−1) =ΔT/n in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 19 shown is chosen as −1 mm/10=−0.1 mm.

Because the axial feed in each sub-step or sub-interval is chosen to be constant in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 19, since T_(i+1)−T_(i) is chosen to be the same or equidistant for all i, there are obtained for a decreasing pitch P_(i) and thus decreasing axial feed rate increasing rotational angle intervals φ_(i+1)−φ_(i) φ_(i+1)−φ_(i)>φ_(i)−φ_(i−1) in the rotational angle range Δφ in the decelerating steps S_(i). That is to say, the rotational angle distance φ₂−φ₁ is smaller than the rotational angle distance φ₃−φ₂ and the rotational angle distance φ_(i+1)−φ_(i) is larger than the angle distance φ_(i)−φ_(i−1). The last sub-portion between the rotational angle values φ₁₀−φ₉ covers the largest angle distance or angle range. This corresponds to a continuous decelerating operation which is retarded in each sub-portion or decelerating step S_(i).

During the decelerating movement AB, the temporal dependence of the rotational speed dφ/dt and the axial feed rate dT/dt is so chosen or controlled or programmed that the tool 2 comes to rest at the reversal point UP=(φ_(n), T_(n)) or (φ₁₀, T₁₀), that is to say dφ/dt=0 and dT/dt=0 at φ=φ_(n) or T=T_(n) or at φ=φ₁₀ or T=T₁₀.

The reduction of the rotational speed dφ/dt and of the axial feed rate dT/dt to 0 in dependence on the time t can take place, for example, continuously during the decelerating movement AB or also, for example, only in the last decelerating step S_(n) or S₁₀.

The curves of the graphs in the decelerating steps S₁ to S₁₀ in FIG. 19, which curves are in reality not exactly linear but are slightly rounded, follow physically from the inertias of the drive system, in particular the control system and the machine drives and the mass inertia of the moved components.

However, represented in an idealized manner or stored in the programming of the decelerating movement itself, the described sequence of linear functions or juxtaposed linear portions with stepwise decreasing pitch, that is to say stepwise decreasing constant feed rate, is obtained in the individual decelerating steps S_(i), for example S₁ to S₁₀.

Before a withdrawal or reversing movement is initiated, an intermediate step can optionally be carried out, for example a cleaning process. It is here possible, for example, to remove chip root residues by rotating the tool further or to clean the peripheral groove of residues of the thread tips, in order to obtain a cleaner cylindrical region. A screw can then be screwed in even better.

After the reversal point UP has been reached, a reversing movement or backwards movement RB is initiated in an embodiment, as shown in particular in FIG. 18 and FIG. 20, which in a first reversing phase first comprises an accelerating movement BB until feeding into the flight 50 is obtained, and in a second reversing phase comprises a backwards movement RB in which the tool 2 is fed outwards in a synchronized manner through the flight 50.

In an advantageous embodiment, the control curve or function according to FIG. 18 can be used or passed through in the reverse order.

For the backwards movement RB or BB, the rotational movement is reversed from the forwards rotational direction VD to the backwards rotational direction RD, that is to say the rotational angle φ starting from φ=φ_(n) or φ=φ₁₀ preferably reduces or turns back in the negative direction at the reversal point UP until the starting value φ=0 is finally achieved again and the tool 2 emerges from the workpiece 6. The dependence or function T(φ), which is preferably taken over unchanged, has the result that the penetration depth T becomes smaller in terms of amount as the rotational angle decreases, that is to say decreases from T=T_(n) or T=T₁₀ at the reversal point UP to T=0 again at the entry point EP at φ=0, which is thus at the same time also the exit point. In particular, the first reversing phase corresponds to the second working phase and the second reversing phase corresponds to the first working phase.

In particular, an embodiment for the second working phase as, for example, according to FIG. 19 can also be used in the reverse order for the first reversing phase.

FIG. 20 shows an exemplary embodiment showing how, in the first reversing phase, starting from the reversal point UP, the same dependence or function T(φ) can be used in the opposite order for the acceleration movement BB in a reversal of the decelerating movement AB, for example according to FIGS. 3 and 4.

However, functions T(φ) and sub-steps other than in FIG. 20 can be used, which preferably lead back to the point (φ₀, T₀) at which the decelerating movement AB also began or the first working phase ended, so that the correct insertion point for the tool for reversing through the flight 50 can be reached.

Preferably, in the reverse order starting from the end angle value φ_(n) or φ₁₀, an acceleration phase is first carried out as the first reversing phase with an acceleration movement BB with the same incremental steps. However, these steps are now acceleration steps S_(j) with n+1≤j≤2 n, starting in FIG. 20 with S₁₁ to S₂₀ for n=10.

Each of these acceleration steps S_(j) has an associated rotational angle interval [φ₁₀, φ₁₁], [φ₁₁, φ₁₂], . . . , [φ_(j−1), φ_(j)], [φ_(j), φ_(j+1)], . . . , [φ₁₉, φ₂₀], wherein φ_(j) from the first reversing phase simply corresponds to φ_(i) from the second working phase, if i+j=n is taken. The pitch parameters likewise remain the same, only in the reverse order, that is to say in FIG. 20 they pass from right to left from P₁₀ through P₉, P₈ to P₁ for the sub-portions of the control curve according to FIG. 19, until the depth value T₀ is reached. According to FIG. 20, the new angle value φ₁₁ is assumed temporally after the angle value φ₁₀ and the interval [φ₁₀, φ₁₁] corresponds to the interval [T₁₀, T₉], with the thread pitch P₁₀ and the subsequent angle interval [φ₁₁, φ₁₂] corresponds to the penetration depth interval [T₉, T₈] with the corresponding thread pitch P₉, etc. until the last sub-portion of [φ₁₉, φ₂₀] corresponding to [T₁, T₀] with the thread pitch P₁.

Thereafter, the linear portion of the curve from φ₀ to φ=0 corresponding to the penetration depth T from T₀ to T=0 is passed through in the reverse direction of FIG. 18. The axial feed rate in the backwards movement corresponding to the pitch of the straight line in FIG. 18 is now P/360° again with the reverse direction. As a result, the tool is guided in the opposite direction through the thread formed in the forwards movement, without the flight which has been produced being damaged in the thread. The backwards movement is thus synchronized exactly like the forwards movement, only with the opposite rotational direction, so that the angle φ decreases backwards in its value from the angle φ_(n) to φ=0 and also, with the reverse axial feed rate, the thread depth now increases, from a mathematical point of view, from T=T₀ to T=0.

Using the same control curve or function T(φ) as in the forwards movement VB in the two working phases also in the backwards movement RB in the two reversing phases has the advantage on the one hand that the tool 2 can be controlled with accurate positioning or accurate movement and is in the correct position in particular on feeding into the flight 50, and the forces on reversing can thus be kept very low and/or a high return or withdrawal speed is made possible.

In one embodiment of the implementation of the described dependencies or functions for T(φ), the values of the penetration depth T are used as measured input parameters or input parameters specified by the control system or programming, and the associated values of the rotational angle φ are obtained from the dependence by means of the associated pitch parameters P and P_(i).

It is thus possible to choose a CNC program for thread drilling or thread furrowing, in particular with a G33, in particular G331 and G332, path condition with the thread pitch to be inputted, and a sequence or amount of values for the penetration depth can be given, at which a switch to a new thread pitch parameter takes place, wherein the thread pitch parameter is retained until the next value of the penetration depth.

A sequence would be, for example

Working Movement:

-   -   At penetration depth T=0 choose thread pitch parameter P and         retain it until T=T₀. A speed or rotational speed is set.     -   At T=T₀ change to thread pitch parameter P₁ and retain it until         T=T₁.     -   At T=T_(i) change to thread pitch parameter P_(i+1) and retain         it until T=T_(i+1) for all i with 1≤i≤n.     -   Reduce the rotational speed or speed to 0 at T=T_(n).         and preferably for the

Reversing Movement:

-   -   At T=T_(n) reverse the axial feed movement and the rotational         movement with a set speed or rotational speed and start again in         the respective reverse direction with thread pitch parameter         P_(n) and retain this until T=T_(n−1).     -   At T=T_(j) change to thread pitch parameter P_(j) and retain it         until T=T_(j−1) for all j as descending index with 1≤j≤n−1.     -   At T=T₀ choose thread pitch parameter P and retain it until T=0.

Although this embodiment of the working movement in the second working phase and/or reversing movement in the first reversing phase, which in particular corresponds to a linear interpolation, has advantages in existing machine programs on account of its simple implementation, it is possible according to the invention, in all the embodiments, also to provide different dependencies or functions or interpolations in individual sub-steps or subintervals for the relationship between T and φ or also combinations thereof.

In the described linear interpolation, in particular according to FIGS. 19 and 20, the linear curve portions or graph portions are continuously juxtaposed, that is to say the starting points (φ_(i), T_(i)) of each interval correspond to the end points of the preceding interval and at the first interval correspond to the end point (φ₀, T₀) of the linear graph of the thread formation. These linking points are also referred to as nodes.

In all embodiments or interpolations, it is possible to choose instead of linear portions also curve portions or graph portions which are continuously differentiably juxtaposed (or: linked, connected together). This means that not only does the starting point of each interval coincide with the end point of the preceding interval, that is to say there is a continuous transition at the linking points between the intervals, but, in addition, the graph portions or the functions thereof are also differentiable in those linking points and their derivatives have the same value. As a result, smooth or continuously differentiable transitions are achieved between the graphs in the individual decelerating steps or intervals, which is advantageous for the movement sequence. The transition at rotational angle φ₀ from the thread forming movement in the first working phase to the decelerating movement AB in the second working phase or then correspondingly preferably also from the first reversing phase to the second reversing phase is preferably continuously differentiable or chosen with the same pitch.

Examples of functions which are suitable for such continuously differentiable interpolations are polynomials having a degree higher than 1, in particular third degree polynomials such as, for example, cubic splines.

A spline interpolation can be used here. By means of a third degree polynomial function as spline function T(φ)=a ₃φ³ +a ₂φ² +a ₁ φ+a ₀ with the boundary conditions conventional in polynomials it is possible, for example, to generate a function which is continuous into the third derivative.

Furthermore, a continuous, in particular strictly monotonic or also monotonic decreasing function can also be used for the decelerating operation or at least a predominant part of the decelerating steps S_(i), for example an exponential function or logarithmic function.

In a further embodiment of an implementation of the described dependencies or functions for T(φ), the values of the rotational angle φ are used as measured input parameters or input parameters defined by the control system or programming, and the associated values of the penetration depth T are obtained from the dependence by means of the pitch parameters P and P_(i).

In a third variant, the time can also be defined as the input parameter, and the values of the rotational angle φ(t) and of the penetration depth T(t) are obtained from the dependence on the time t and the mutual dependence by means of the pitch parameters P and P_(i).

In one embodiment, the control or synchronization can take place in an open regulating or control circuit without measuring the process parameters penetration depth and rotational angle. A penetration depth value is thereby allocated to each rotational angle value by means of a value table or by calculation according to the stored formulae, and the rotary drive and axial drive are controlled accordingly.

In a further embodiment, a measurement of at least one of the two process parameters penetration depth and rotational angle can be made, and the measured values can be fed back into the control system in order to realize a control, for example according to the nominal curve shown in FIGS. 18 to 20, in a closed regulating circuit. The rotational angle φ is generally determined in the region of the drive, in particular the drive spindle, by means of rotation sensors or measurement of physical parameters which are in a definite relationship with the rotational angle. However, it is in principle also possible to measure the rotational angle directly at the tool 2.

The penetration depth T can be measured by axial position sensors, here too generally at the drive, in particular the drive spindle, or also, in a particular embodiment, at the tool or workpiece itself.

In further embodiments, an equalization step or constant circumferential step can additionally take place in the second working phase, during which the penetration depth T(φ)=const. or at least no further feed movement in the forwards direction is carried out. The rotational direction of the rotational movement preferably remains the same during the equalization step, that is to say is not reversed.

Such embodiments will be explained hereinbelow by means of exemplary embodiments and FIG. 20 and FIG. 21.

In one embodiment, for example according to FIG. 20, when the maximum penetration depth ΔT is reached at a rotational angle φ_(n−1), the corresponding value T(φ) for the subsequent step S_(n) is kept constant to the rotational angle φ_(n) at the reversal point UP, that is to say T(φ_(n−1))=T_(n−1)=T_(n)=T(φ_(n)).

In a further embodiment, for example according to FIG. 21, the maximum penetration depth ΔT is already reached at a rotational angle φ_(n−2) with the corresponding value T(φ_(n−2))=T_(n−2). The value T(φ) for the following step S_(n−1) is then reduced again to the rotational angle φ_(n−1), that is to say the axial feed direction is reversed, and the penetration depth is reduced to the value T(φ_(n−1))=T_(n−1)<T_(n−2). In FIG. 7, this reduction is comparatively small. The tool thus runs with a slight reversing feed in the circumferential groove. This defined movement in the negative T direction away from the hole bottom can be advantageous for further improving the undercut or the peripheral groove in respect of its ability to be screwed through. In FIG. 21 too, from rotational angle φ_(n−1), the corresponding value T(φ) for the subsequent step S_(n) is kept constant to the rotational angle φ_(n) at the reversal point UP, that is to say T( _(n−1))=T_(n−1)=T_(n)=T(φ_(n)). However, especially when the peripheral groove has already (largely) been produced, a relatively large and/or fast return movement and/or also an axial to and fro movement of the tool can also take place during the equalization, which can also have an axial feed per 360° which is even greater than the thread pitch P.

The tool and its thread teeth thus rotate in step S_(n) on a circular path or cylindrical path outwards in the workpiece again by a small amount without pitch or even, in step S_(n−1), with a positive pitch.

This movement serves in particular to equalize the peripheral groove and clean the surface of the workpiece, to evacuate chip material as completely as possible from the threaded bore which has been produced, and optionally also to eliminate tension between the workpiece and the tool which built up previously as a result of the machining forces. Step S_(n) as the last step of the decelerating movement AB in FIGS. 20 and 7 and also the penultimate step S_(n−1) according to FIG. 21 can thus also be referred to as an equalization step.

The overall rotational angle φ_(n)−φ_(n−1) of the equalization step S_(n) in FIG. 20, or φ_(n)−φ_(n−2) of the equalization step S_(n) and S_(n−1) in FIG. 21, can be chosen freely within wide limits, for example between 180° and 2000°, and will generally be chosen to be greater, for example 3 times greater, than the rotational angle φ_(n−1)−φ₀ in FIG. 20, or φ_(n−2)−φ₀ in FIG. 21, of the previous monotonic descending portion (transition region).

In the reversing movement RB, the equalization step, for example, according to FIG. 20 or 21 can also be omitted wholly or in part in the first reversing phase.

As a result of the measures according to the invention, advantageous movement sequences can be achieved in the transition to the undercut (peripheral groove) as well as in the undercut itself. The working speed of the tool can be as high and as consistent (constant) as possible. The machine (including control system) can reproduce the movement highly dynamically. Moreover, a geometry which can be screwed through can be produced in the undercut or the peripheral groove.

If the conditions at the machine are considered, it will be seen that a mass inertia in the system and also an inertia in the drives and in the control system are physically present. In order to keep the speed from the thread high also in the undercut, that is to say the peripheral groove, a constant movement path of the Z-axis (variable T) and the rotational axis (variable φ) in particular make it possible for the machine to perform that movement, preferably with a high path speed. This then results in a high and constant speed of the effective tool teeth and cutters. This is in turn advantageous for uniform chip removal.

In order to program the machine, the theoretical movement paths can be converted into corresponding NC blocks. Slight deviations or approximations (in the form of, for example, compound helix movements) can thereby occur.

FIGS. 23 to 25 show exemplary embodiments in a diagram in which the penetration depth T is again plotted over the rotational angle φ for the second working phase (and optionally the first reversing phase).

FIG. 23 shows three exemplary embodiments with graphs or curves 71 to 73, in which a constant drilling depth per pitch, as in the example of FIG. 19, is chosen for three different values.

FIG. 24 shows three exemplary embodiments with graphs or curves 74 to 76, in which a constant rotational angle per pitch is chosen for three different values.

FIG. 25 shows an exemplary embodiment with a graph or a curve 77 which corresponds to an exponential function, for example according to

${T = {{- e^{\frac{- P}{\pi \cdot {fd}} \cdot x}} + 1}};$ wherein fd is the flank diameter and x is a consecutive natural number.

FIG. 25 further shows an exemplary embodiment with a graph or a curve 78 which has been produced by means of a cubic spline function.

The described theoretical curves or functions can be reproduced in particular by a corresponding number of individual NC control data blocks.

FIG. 26 shows an exemplary embodiment of the temporal dependence or control of the rotational angle φ=φ(t) as a function of time t over the entire cycle between the entry point EP and the reversal point UP and back again. The penetration depth T(φ(t)) is obtained as a function of the time t on the basis of the chosen dependence T(φ), which in the exemplary embodiment shown corresponds to a linear interpolation as in FIG. 19, but can naturally also follow a different dependence as described hereinbefore.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

-   2 Tool -   3 Drilling region -   4 Thread generating region -   5 Threaded hole -   6 Workpiece -   7 Thread tooth -   8 Thread and clearing tooth -   20 Working region -   21 Shank -   25 Separating groove -   31, 32 Main drilling cutters -   33 Drill tip -   40, 41 Thread tooth -   50 Flight -   51, 52, 53 Peripheral groove -   55 Thread profile -   60 Workpiece surface -   71, 72 Flank relieved surface -   73 Tooth land -   74 Relieved surface -   75 Thread cutter -   81, 82 Tooth flank -   83 Tooth land -   84 Initial furrowing face -   85 Thread cutter -   86 Clearing cutter -   88 Clearing face -   a Groove length -   A Tool axis -   AB Decelerating movement -   b Thread gap -   BB Acceleration movement -   c Thread profile width -   d Core hole diameter -   D Threaded hole diameter -   E, E1, E2 Transverse plane -   F1, F2 Thread tooth profile flank -   G1, G2 Thread tooth flank envelope -   GP, GP′ Thread tooth profile -   K, K′ Thread tooth profile head -   M Thread center axis -   P Thread pitch -   P₁ to P₁₀ Pitch parameter -   RB Backwards movement -   RF1, RF2 Clearing profile flank -   RK Clearing profile head -   RP Clearing profile -   ΔA1 Thread tooth profile active surface -   ΔA2 Thread tooth profile active surface -   ΔA3 Thread tooth profile active surface -   Δr1 Thread tooth profile depth -   Δr2 Thread tooth profile depth -   Δr3 Thread tooth profile depth -   S₁ to S₁₀ Decelerating step -   S₁₁ to S₂₀ Acceleration step -   T Penetration depth -   T_(G) Thread depth -   T_(L) Threaded hole depth -   T₀ to T₁₀ Depth value -   T_(i), T_(n) Depth value -   ΔT Penetration depth range -   UP Reversal point -   VB Forwards movement -   W Thread direction -   α1, α2 Flank relief angle -   δ Thread pitch angle -   ε Opening angle -   φ Cumulative rotational angle -   Δφ Rotational angle range -   φ₀ to φ₂₀ Rotational angle value -   φ_(i), φ_(n) Rotational angle value 

We claim:
 1. A tool for forming an internal thread, wherein: a) the tool is rotatable about a tool axis (A) extending through the tool and is movable axially relative to the tool axis; b) the tool comprises at least one thread generating region; c) the thread generating region extends along a helical line (G1, G2) with a predefined thread pitch angle (δ) and a predefined thread direction (W) of the thread to be formed and has an active profile which corresponds to a thread profile of the thread to be formed; d) the thread generating region has at least one thread tooth which: d1) has a thread tooth profile (GP) with a front thread tooth profile flank (F1) and a rear thread tooth profile flank (F2); d2) has a front flank relieved surface, directly adjoining the front thread tooth profile flank (F1), on a front thread tooth flank, and d3) has a rear flank relieved surface, directly adjoining the rear thread tooth profile flank (F2), on a rear thread tooth flank; e) the front flank relieved surface is isolated or set back to the rear relative to a front thread tooth flank envelope (G1) which extends along or parallel to the helical line and through the front thread tooth profile flank (F1); f) the rear flank relieved surface is displaced or isolated to the front relative to a rear transverse plane (E2) which is oriented perpendicularly to the tool axis (A) and extends through a rearmost point of the thread tooth profile (GP) or the rear thread tooth profile flank (F2); g) the helical line (G1, G2) is inclined to the rear relative to the rear transverse plane (E2) by the thread pitch angle (δ); and h) wherein the rear flank relieved surface is inclined or set back relative to a rear thread tooth flank envelope (G2) which extends along or parallel to the helical line by a rear flank relief angle (a2) which is greater than the thread pitch angle (δ) and lies in an interval between the thread pitch angle (δ) and 6°.
 2. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the front flank relieved surface is inclined or set back relative to the front thread tooth flank envelope (G1) by a front flank relief angle (α1) which lies in an interval between 0° and 10°, or between 0° and 2°.
 3. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the rear flank relieved surface is inclined or set back relative to the rear transverse plane (E2) by an angle (α2-δ) which lies in an interval between 0° and 6°, or between 2° and 5°; and/or the rear flank relief angle (α2) lies in an interval between 4° and 5°.
 4. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thread tooth profile (GP) of the thread tooth is an intermediate or preliminary profile, which is superposed with further thread tooth profiles of further thread teeth to form an overall profile.
 5. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thread tooth has on its tooth back, adjoining a thread tooth profile head (K) of the thread tooth profile (GP), contrary to the thread direction, a relieved surface which tapers to a substantially linear tooth land.
 6. The tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thread tooth comprises at least one thread cutter and optionally comprises a thread furrowing face arranged behind the thread cutter.
 7. A tool for forming a thread with a thread profile, wherein: a) the tool is rotatable about a tool axis (A) extending through the tool and is movable axially relative to the tool axis; b) the tool comprises at least one thread generating region; c) the thread generating region extends along a helical line (G1, G2) with a predefined thread pitch angle (δ) and a predefined thread direction (W) of the thread to be formed and has an active profile which corresponds to the thread profile of the thread to be formed; and d) the thread generating region has at least one thread and clearing tooth comprising: d1) in a front region, when seen in the thread direction, a thread tooth element with a thread tooth profile (GP, GP′) as an active profile for forming or finishing the thread; and d2) in a rearward region, when seen in the thread direction, a clearing element for clearing the formed thread in a reversing movement, wherein the clearing element has a clearing profile (RP) as the active profile, which corresponds to the thread profile of the formed thread and is substantially identical to the thread tooth profile (GP, GP′) in its front region.
 8. The tool as claimed in claim 7, wherein the clearing element of the thread and clearing tooth has a clearing cutter comprising: a clearing profile (RP) which corresponds to the thread tooth profile (GP, GP′) of the thread tooth element; and an active profile which is the same, or the same at least at clearing profile flanks of the clearing profile, as the thread tooth profile (GP).
 9. The tool as claimed in claim 8, wherein: the clearing element has a clearing face which is arranged after the clearing cutter, when seen contrary to the thread direction, and works in a furrowing manner; the active profiles of the clearing cutter and of the clearing face are superposed to form an overall clearing profile (RP′) of the clearing element.
 10. The tool as claimed in claim 9, wherein: the clearing face rises radially outwards and merges into a tooth land, which has a constant profile or no relieved surfaces; and a clearing profile head (RK′) of the clearing face and/or of the tooth land is smaller than a clearing profile head (RK) of the clearing cutter.
 11. The tool as claimed in claim 7, wherein the thread and clearing tooth has a thread cutter in its front region in the thread direction or in the thread tooth element.
 12. The tool as claimed in claim 11, wherein: the front region of the thread and clearing tooth or the thread tooth element has a thread furrowing face arranged after the thread cutter when seen in the thread direction; and the active profiles of the thread cutter and of the thread furrowing face are superposed at the front region to form the thread tooth profile, corresponding to the thread profile.
 13. The tool as claimed in claim 12, wherein: the thread furrowing face rises radially outwards and preferably merges into a or into the tooth land, which in particular serves as a calibration region and/or has a constant profile or no relieved surfaces; and a thread tooth profile head (K′) of the thread furrowing face and/or of the tooth land is smaller than the thread tooth profile head (K) of the thread cutter.
 14. The tool as claimed in claim 7, wherein tooth flanks of the thread and clearing tooth extend at least predominantly or completely along associated front thread tooth flank envelopes (G1) or rear thread tooth flank envelopes (G2) or without relieved surfaces.
 15. The tool as claimed in claim 7 wherein: the thread generating region has both at least one thread tooth and at least one thread and clearing tooth; and the thread and clearing tooth is the last tooth of the thread generating region when seen in the thread direction.
 16. The tool as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a) at least one drilling region for producing a core hole; b) wherein the drilling region is arranged in a region that lies further forwards, at a front or free end, than the thread generating region; c) wherein the drilling region and the thread generating region are rigidly coupled with one another for movement and/or are fastened or formed on a common tool carrier or tool shank; c1) wherein the thread generating region protrudes radially further outwards relative to the tool axis than does the drilling region.
 17. A method for forming an internal thread, with a predefined thread pitch and with a predefined thread profile in a workpiece, comprising: a) using a tool for forming a thread, wherein: the tool is rotatable about a tool axis (A) extending through the tool and is movable axially relative to the tool axis; the tool comprises at least one thread generating region; the thread generating region extends along a helical line (G1, G2) with a predefined thread pitch angle (δ) and a predefined thread direction (W) of the thread to be formed and has an active profile which corresponds to the thread profile of the thread to be formed; the thread generating region has at least one thread tooth comprising: a thread tooth profile (GP) with a front thread tooth profile flank (F1) and a rear thread tooth profile flank (F2); a front flank relieved surface, directly adjoining the front thread tooth profile flank (F1), on a front thread tooth flank, and a rear flank relieved surface, directly adjoining the rear thread tooth profile flank (F2), on a rear thread tooth flank; the front flank relieved surface is isolated or set back to the rear relative to a front thread tooth flank envelope (G1) which extends along or parallel to the helical line and through the front thread tooth profile flank (F1); the rear flank relieved surface is displaced or isolated to the front relative to a rear transverse plane (E2) which is oriented perpendicularly to the tool axis (A) and extends through the rearmost point of the thread tooth profile (GP) or the rear thread tooth profile flank (F2); and the helical line (G1, G2) is inclined to the rear relative to the rear transverse plane (E2) by the thread pitch angle (δ); b) moving the tool into the workpiece in a working movement during a first working phase, wherein: c) the working movement comprises a rotational movement in a predefined rotational direction about the tool axis of the tool and, synchronized with the rotational movement according to the thread pitch, an axial feed movement of the tool in an axial forwards direction axially relative to the tool axis, in such a manner that a complete revolution of the tool about the tool axis corresponds to an axial feed of the tool by the predefined thread pitch; d) during the working movement, the thread generating region forms the thread; e) the tool, in a decelerating movement following the working movement, is moved during a second working phase further into the workpiece in the same forwards direction as in the working movement, as far as a reversal point; f) the axial feed of the tool, based on a complete revolution, is smaller in terms of amount than the thread pitch at least during part of the decelerating movement and is zero at the reversal point; g) the thread tooth, produces at least one, closed or annular, circumferential or peripheral groove in the workpiece during the decelerating movement; and h) wherein friction of the thread tooth against the workpiece surface both at its front thread tooth relieved surface and at its rear thread tooth relieved surface is avoided or substantially reduced during the working movement and also during the decelerating movement.
 18. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein: after the reversal point has been reached, a reversal movement of the tool is initiated, with which the tool is moved out of the workpiece; the reversing movement comprises first a first reversing phase, wherein the thread generating region of the tool is guided back into a flight of the formed thread, and, thereafter, a second reversing phase, during which the thread generating region is guided outwards out of the workpiece through the flight; and wherein friction of the thread tooth against the workpiece surface both at its front thread tooth relieved surface and at its rear thread tooth relieved surface is avoided or substantially reduced during the reversing movement.
 19. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein, during the decelerating movement, the axial feed movement is controlled in dependence on the rotational angle of the rotational movement of the tool according to a previously stored definite relationship comprising a function or a sequence of functions, between the axial feed of the tool and the rotational angle.
 20. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the decelerating movement comprises a rotational movement in the same rotational direction as in the working movement.
 21. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein a rotational speed of the rotational movement at the reversal point is zero and/or in which an overall or cumulative axial feed of the tool during the decelerating movement is chosen to be between 0.1 times and 2 times the thread pitch.
 22. The method as claimed in claim 17, wherein, during the decelerating movement, mutually different relationships, comprising functions, between the axial feed of the tool and the rotational angle are chosen or set in multiple successive decelerating steps.
 23. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein, during multiple decelerating steps: an axial penetration depth or the axial feed is a linear function of the rotational angle and/or the pitch, that is to say the derivative of the axial penetration depth or of the axial feed with respect to the rotational angle, is constant in each of those decelerating steps and decreases in terms of amount from one decelerating step to a following decelerating step.
 24. A method for forming an internal thread, with a predefined thread pitch and with a predefined thread profile in a workpiece; a) using a tool for forming a thread with a thread profile, wherein: the tool is rotatable about a tool axis (A) extending through the tool and is movable axially relative to the tool axis; the tool comprises at least one thread generating region; the thread generating region extends along a helical line (G1, G2) with a predefined thread pitch angle (δ) and a predefined thread direction (W) of the thread to be formed and has an active profile which corresponds to the thread profile of the thread to be formed; the thread generating region has at least one thread and clearing tooth comprising: in a front region, when seen in the thread direction, a thread tooth element with a thread tooth profile (GP, GP′) as an active profile for forming or finishing the thread; and in a rearward region, when seen in the thread direction, a clearing element for clearing the formed thread in a reversing movement, wherein the clearing element has a clearing profile (RP) as the active profile, which corresponds to the thread profile of the formed thread and/or to the thread tooth profile (GP, GP′) in its front region; b) moving the tool into the workpiece in a working movement during a first working phase, wherein: c) the working movement comprises a rotational movement in a predefined rotational direction about the tool axis of the tool and, synchronized with the rotational movement according to the thread pitch, an axial feed movement of the tool in an axial forwards direction axially relative to the tool axis, in such a manner that a complete revolution of the tool about the tool axis corresponds to an axial feed of the tool by the predefined thread pitch; d) during the working movement, the thread generating region forms the thread; e) the tool, in a decelerating movement following the working movement, is moved during a second working phase further into the workpiece in the same forwards direction as in the working movement, as far as a reversal point; f) the axial feed of the tool, based on a complete revolution, is smaller in terms of amount than the thread pitch at least during part of the decelerating movement and is zero at the reversal point; g) after the reversal point has been reached, a reversing movement of the tool is initiated, with which the tool is moved out of the workpiece; wherein the reversing movement comprises first a first reversing phase, wherein the thread generating region of the tool is guided back into a flight of the formed thread, and, thereafter, a second reversing phase, during which the thread generating region is guided outwards out of the workpiece through the flight; and h) the thread and clearing tooth, during the reversing movement, clears foreign bodies, in front of or out of the thread with its clearing element and also can smooth the workpiece surface, in the thread, and/or allows no gaps to form with respect to a flight inner wall in the clearing process. 